Laptop Cooling Pads

This notebook computer is more and more popular these days, the epitome of a team, because of its portability and convenience. Eide, have changed the world of computers and the enormous power of information technology can play in motion. Achilles' heel of mobile technology is overheating, greatly affect their performance and, in some cases lead to the failure of the system. Notebook Cooler is an external solution for heating problems. This article discusses the pros and cons of using a laptop cooling pad. It will make a few remarks Notebook Cooler is only talking about the general features of these notebooks are intelligent cooling pad.
Laptop overheating: strict price

Tight price heating problems! This compact notebook possible and the reduction in electronic equipment. They have the power of electronic devices, inventiveness, crowded into a small space. Electronic devices, each of the heat resistance. More equipment, more heat. In CPU chips, graphics chips, sound cards, hard drives, and some parts of the laptop, over time the heat. In particular, if you are a player or multi-skilling and ongoing operation of notebook, so the heating problem with respect to his fever. Ironically, it is a laptop, can not really be put back because of the heating problem. You can make your lap during the winter months, but!
There is a limit of embedded integrated circuits can be heated and keep going. Even the laptop cooling fan, which is a portable cooling system basis, but also its limits. When the device temperature exceeds the threshold, the nature of the software, close the notebook computers in order to avoid permanent damage! It is therefore very important to control the temperature of a laptop computer. For more information, please read "How to tell the temperature of portable computers.

People shake his notebook how long the cool-headed. Is an effective solution, this is a laptop cooling pad! There are other maintenance techniques that can help reduce the temperature.Also be discussed later in this article.

Laptop cooling pad rescue!

The newest innovation is a Laptop Cooler, which is known to reduce the temperature of a laptop computer for up to 15% and 20%, according to some studies. Cool laptop computers, as long as you put it in a notebook cooling radiator, plug the power cord connected to the Platform, USB connectivity for notebook computers. Some notebook cooling pad battery work.

How does the laptop cooling pads work? There are two techniques for active and passive cooling. Notebook Cooler has created a different way, based on active and passive cooling techniques. Active cooling pad with air or liquid to attract business away from the heat the laptop. Passive Notebook Cooler is a heat conductor materials. They are usually aluminum, plastic or special cooling wise. Notebook Cooler has become even more important accessories for notebook computers.

One example is active in the portable cooling pad is a forum for a number of fans simply blowing the basis of a laptop computer. Passive notebook cooling pad to use Crystal gel materials absorb heat, which confirms the laptop is cool again. There are many options, it is to buy a laptop cooling pad. Work? Yes, they do not work actually done, you can relax with your laptop.Check-out Notebook Cooler basis, and then buy.

Tips to reduce the heating Notebook

Some simple techniques can be very effective to keep the laptop cool. A laptop can be effectively cooling laptop cooling pad, but the fact that the cooling through the following ways.
Clean a laptop fan cooling and ventilation systems on a regular basis.
Position to use the laptop to improve your laptop, a breathing space and ventilation equipment at the bottom.
Choose low-power settings using a laptop computer in order to reduce energy use and reduce heat generation.

What diseases cause secondary headaches?

Headache is a symptom of many diseases. Although headache, problems with headaches are secondary headaches due to illness or the potential damage that this diagnosis and treatment.Control the symptoms of headache should be done in the same diagnostic tests should be considered. Some causes of secondary headaches can be threatening and fatal. Early diagnosis and treatment is important for determining the damage is limited.

International Headache Society, eight types of secondary headaches. Examples in each category will be included (this is not an exhaustive list):

Head and neck trauma

Head injury, it can cause bleeding into the space between layers of fabric), they surrounded the brain (subdural, subarachnoid hemorrhages and epiduralna or brain tissue itself

Earthquakes held without prejudice bleeding

One of the symptoms of Whiplash and neck injury
Blood vessels in the head and neck problems

Transient ischemic attack or stroke (TIA)

Arteriovenous malformations (AVM) may cause headache, before they leaked.

Carotid artery in the neck can cause pain and zapalytysya.

Time arteritis (inflammation of the arteries of the time)
Do not cerebral vascular problems

Brain tumors, both primary, or that occur in brain metastases from the organization,

Epilepsy

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension, formerly known as false tumor sehep which too much cerebrospinal fluid pressure of fluid in the spinal canal.
Medicines and drugs (including withdrawal of drug)

Infections

Meningitis

Encephalitis

HIV / AIDS

System infection (eg pneumonia or influenza)
Changes in the environment of the body

High blood pressure (hypertension)

Dehydration

Hypothyroidism

Dialysis

What is the diagnosis of secondary headaches?

If you have the time, the average after the start of headache diagnosis, physical examination and laboratory and, where appropriate radiation tests and the patient complete history.

However, in a fragile sense of a low level that some vital signs of patients in this crisis. In this case, health-care doctor may decide not to conduct tests to confirm the diagnosis of the specific reasons for waiting.

For example, headache, fever, neck stiffness, mental confusion, meningitis and recommendations. Because meningitis can be rapidly fatal, antibiotic treatment can start before the diagnosis of blood and spinal puncture.

What examinations and middle-income countries, headache test?

Medical history and physical examination to provide the best means to determine the cause of headache. Therefore, it is important for patients with severe headache, seek medical help, so that their health doctors to assess their situation. Testing can lead to headaches in the formulation of the diagnosis, including the useful:

Blood,

Computed tomography (CT scan)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan head,

Spinal puncture.
Specific tests will depend on what the potential problems, the implementation of health care and the patient problem to be solved.

Blood

Blood tests and diagnostic medical history provided useful information. For example, infection or inflammation may lead to increase in white blood cells, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C - reactive protein (Serbia). Blood tests can assess electrolyte balance, a number of functions, such as liver, kidney and thyroid.

Head computed tomography scan

CT scan can detect bleeding, swelling and tumors. It may also be evidence of a stroke.Intravenous injection of contrast, it can also be used to study the brain arteries.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) head

Magnetic resonance imaging, which allows a better look at anatomy in the brain, meninges (covering layer of the brain and spinal cord). Although it is more accurate than the CT scan time more. Such verification is not available all hospitals.

Lumbar puncture

Cerebro-spinal fluid, fluid surrounds the brain and spinal cord, you can use one is to insert the needle of the lumbar spine. Fluid thinking, you can show that infections (such as meningitis, bacteria, viruses, or tuberculosis) or blood bleeding. In almost all cases, computed tomography are doing lumbar puncture or bleeding, swelling or brain swelling.

What causes cluster headaches?

The cause of cluster headaches is uncertain. Could it be that certain parts of the brains begin to function for unknown reasons. Hypothalamus, the area lies at the base of the brains is responsible for the biological clock of the body and in May to be part of the brains that is the source of headaches. When the brain scans performed on patients in the middle of a cluster headache, there is abnormal activity in the hypothalamus.

Cluster headaches also:

tend to run in families and this suggests that there may be a genetic role.

Can be caused by changes in sleep patterns.

Can be caused by drugs (eg nitroglycerin, used for heart disease).
If the patient is subject to a period of cluster headaches, smoking, alcohol and some foods (eg chocolate) may cause headaches.

What are the symptoms of cluster headache?

Cluster headaches are headaches that come in groups (clusters) for several weeks or months, separated by pain-free period of several months or years.

During the period when the show cluster headache, the pain usually one or two times a day, but some patients may hurt more than two times a day.

Each episode of pain lasting from 30 minutes to one hours and half.

The attacks usually occur at the same time every day and often wake patients from sleep well at night.

Pain is usually painful and is located around or behind one eye.

Some patients describe the pain as feeling like a hot poker in the eye. Can be affected around the red, inflamed and watery.

The nose on the affected side from May to become clogged and runny nose.
Unlike patients with migraine, cluster headache patients are often restless. They are often tempo floor, bang head wall, and can be driven to desperate measures. Cluster headache is more common in men than women. How cluster headache diagnosis?

Diagnosis of cluster headache is a history of the patient's symptoms. Description of pain, like, the clock is usually sufficient to make a diagnosis of recurrence to.

If an attack on the center of the investigation, the patient is usually in a painful crisis, and possibly watery eyes and nose as described above. If the patient's pain, he put us there is no physical examination is normal, once again appeal to diagnose the patient's history of dependence.

How cluster headache?

Cluster headache is difficult to handle, but take trial and error to find a specific treatment program, will work with each patient. Because headache recurrence needs, every day, two courses of treatment. First incident, it must control the pain, and can avoid the need for additional headaches.

Initial treatment options may include the following:

Inhalation of high concentrations of oxygen (although this does not work if the headache is the establishment of a);

Tryptan injection drugs such as sumatriptan (Imigran), zolmitriptan (Tanzania), and Merck Lizza (Imitrex), which is normally used to treat migraine, and use;

The injection of lidocaine, a local anesthetic in the nose;

Dihydrotestosterone (DHE, Migranal), drug therapy leading to vasoconstriction;

Caffeine
Cluster headache preventive treatment plan may include:

Calcium-channel blockers [eg As verapamil (Karan, Verelan, Verelan Clock, Isoptin, Covera - HS), diltiazem (Cardizem, Dilacor, Tiazac)]

Prednisone (Deltasone, Liquid prednisone)

Antidepressants

Lithium (Eskalith, Lithobid)

Valproic acid, divalproex (valproate, valproate sustained-release Depakene, Depacon) and topiramate (ester) (usually the control of the use of inspection) Cluster headaches can be prevented?

As indicated in cluster headache may be distributed, and as the first of the new cluster headaches can not be prescribed daily medication is not justification.

Changes in lifestyle can help reduce the risk of flare of cluster headache. Quit smoking and avoid alcohol to minimize future collection of cluster headache.

How is tension headache diagnosed?

The key to diagnosis of any headache, is the story of the patient. Health professionals ask the right questions to understand when the headache started, learn about the quality, quantity and duration of pain, and ask all the associated symptoms. History voltages are headache, which was mild to moderate, which is located on both sides of the head, described as tightness, which is a throbbing, not worsened by activity. There will be no associated symptoms such as nausea, vomiting or sensitivity to light.

Physical examination, it is important to stress, headaches, because it must be normal for a diagnosis. The only exception is that there May be some sensitivity of the scalp and neck muscles. If a health worker is an anomaly, they have seen the diagnosis of tension headache.

As the tension headache?

Tension headaches are often painful and patients are upset that the diagnosis is "only" tension headaches. Although not life-threatening, stress, headaches can affect your normal daily activities.

Most people who face the same success with over-the-counter (OTC) analgesics to control the tension headache. The following works well for most people:

Aspirin

ibuprofen (motrin, Advil)

acetaminophen (Tylenol) and

naproxen (Aleve)
If it fails, the other supportive therapies are available. Recurrent headache should be the message to seek medical help. Massage, biofeedback and stress management could be used as a supplement to control the headaches.

It is important to note that drugs without a prescription, and drugs are safe and can have side effects and possible interactions with prescription drugs. It is good to ask, nurse or pharmacist if you have questions about prescription drugs and their use. This is particularly important with non-prescription painkillers, because patients often use both.

It is important to read the ingredients of OTC analgesics. Often a combination of OTC drug ingredients, while the second or third component of the May be possible drug interactions or contraindications with medications the patient is present. For example:

Some OTC medicines include caffeine, which can cause rapid heartbeats in some patients.

Night to prepare) diphenhydramine (Benadryl can be added. It can cause drowsiness and driving or operating heavy machinery May not be suitable for the use of drugs.
Another example would be careful to include the following:

Aspirin should not be used in children and adolescents, because the risk of the syndrome, Reye, a disease in which unconsciousness, brain damage and death can occur with viral illnesses, such as the use of aspirin.

Aspirin and ibuprofen interfering and May cause stomach bleeding. Should be used with caution in patients with peptic ulcer or thinners, which is in the blood such as warfarin (coumadin) and clopidogrel bisulfate (Plavix).

Paracetamol, when used in large quantities can cause liver damage or injury. Should be used with caution in patients who consume substantial quantities of alcohol or have liver disease.

The cause of chronic tension headaches is excessive use of painkillers. When using painkillers for a long time, headaches, May be repeated because of drug activity holiday. Therefore, headache is a symptom of drug withdrawal (rebound headache).

What are the symptoms of tension headache?

Symptoms of tension headaches include:

Pain that starts from the back of the head and neck as a band tightness and pressure.

Described as a band of pressure around the head with the most acute pain over the eyebrows.

Pain is usually mild (no change) and bilateral (both sides of the head).

Not accompanied by aura (see below), and not associated with nausea, vomiting, or sensitivity to light and sound.

Mostly sporadic (and often even without the model), but can occur often, and even some people daily.

Most people can work, despite the tension headaches.

What causes tension headaches?

While tension headaches are the most common form of headaches, the cause is unknown. The most likely cause is the contraction of muscles, including the skull. When muscles are stressed in the skull, can cause pain and cramps. Common positions include cranial side, where the trapezius muscles of the neck pillow, a temple, where the muscles that help the movement of the jaw and forehead.

There is little research to confirm the exact cause of tension headaches. Headache intensity because of physical or emotional stress on the body. Physical burden may lead to tension headaches that are difficult and time-consuming manual or sit at a desk or computer for long emotional stress can cause headaches caused by tension in the muscles around the skull to the contract.

What headache?

Headache is defined as pain in the head or neck. This is one of the most common sites of pain in the body and has many causes.

How are headaches classified?

Headaches have many causes, and in 2007 the International Headache Society has agreed on updated classification system for headache. Because so many people suffer from headaches, treatment, and because it is sometimes difficult, the new classification system allows health professionals to fully understand the more specific diagnosis to better and more effective treatment regimens.

There are three main categories of headaches:

primary headache,

secondary headache, and

Cranial neuralgia, facial pain and headaches

What are the primary headache?

Primary also migraine headaches, tension headaches and groups, and many other less common forms of headache.

Tension Headaches are the most common form of primary headache, as much as 90% of adults have had or will have tension headaches. Tension Headache is more common in women than in men.

Another type of migraine are the most common primary headaches. Estimated 28 million people in the U.S. (approximately 12% of the population) will experience migraines. Migraine in children and adults. Before puberty boys and girls are equally affected by migraine, but after puberty more women than men are affected. Estimated 6% of men and 18% of women will experience migraines.

Headaches are a rare type of ammunition primary headaches that 0.1% of the population.Approximately 85% of people who suffer from headaches dispersion men. The average age of people suffering from cluster headache was 28-30 years, although headaches start in May in childhood.

Primary headaches affect quality of life. Some people have occasional headaches that can be quickly resolved, while others are weakened. Tension, migraine, headache, and groups are not life threatening.

What are secondary headaches?

Secondary headaches are attributable to the underlying structural problems the head or neck.There are many reasons for this type of headache, bleeding from the brains, tumor, or meningitis and encephalitis. What is cranial neuralgia facialis pain and headaches?

Inside, pain, nerve neuralgia (neuro = nerve + pain = algia). Cranial neuralgia describes a group of headaches that occur because the nerves of the head and neck, enthusiastic and a major source of pain. Facial pain and many other causes of headache are included in this category.

What happens after treatment for brain tumors?

Regular follow-up is very important after treatment of brain tumors. The doctor checks closely to ensure that the tumor has not returned. A medical examination may include a thorough physical and neurological examination. Occasionally, the patient may have MRI or CT. If a patient has a shunt, a doctor will check that it works well. Your doctor can explain to follow the plan - how often the patient should see a doctor, and that tests would be necessary.

What support is available for patients with brain tumors?

Living with serious diseases such as brain tumor, it is not easy. Some people think that they should deal with the emotional and practical aspects of their disease. Support groups can help.In these groups, patients or their families and to share what they learned about dealing with illness and treatment effect. Patients who wish to speak to a member of its team of health to find support groups. Groups can offer support in person, by phone or online.

People living with a brain tumor may worry about caring for their families, except for employment, or continuing daily activities. Concerns about treatments and managing side effects, hospital and medical services are shared. Doctors, nurses and other healthcare team members can answer questions about treatment, work or other activities. Meeting with a social worker, counselor or clergy member may be helpful for those who want to talk about their feelings or discuss their problems. Often the social worker can suggest resources for financial assistance, transportation, home care, or emotional support.

Cancer Information Service can provide information to help patients and their families to find programs, services and publications.

Lifting of Cancer Research

Doctors across the country are several types of clinical trials. This research, where people participate voluntarily. Studies include new ways to treat brain tumors. Studies have already led to advances and researchers continue to seek more efficient.

Patients entering these trials, the first to benefit from treatments that have shown promise in previous studies. They also made important contributions to medical science by helping doctors learn more about the disease. Although clinical trials may pose risks, researchers take very careful steps to protect their patients.

Researchers testing drugs against cancer in November, doses and treatment regimens. They work with different materials and combinations thereof, and combinations of drugs and radiotherapy. They are also testing new methods and schedules for radiotherapy.

What about rehabilitation after treatment for brain tumors?

Rehabilitation can be a very important part of treatment plan. Targets for rehabilitation depends on the needs of people, and the tumor has affected daily activities. Health care team makes every effort to help the patient return to normal activities as soon as possible. Several types of therapists can help:

Physiotherapist - brain tumors and their treatment can lead to paralysis. They may cause also the weakness and problems with balance. Physiotherapist to help patients regain strength and balance.

Speech - speech therapists help patients who have trouble speaking, expressing thoughts, or swallowing.

Occupational therapists - occupational therapists help patients learn to manage their daily activities, such as food, toilet, bathroom and dressing.
Children with brain tumors, may have special needs. Sometimes child carers in hospital or at home. Children who have trouble learning or remembering what they learn, you may need tutors or special classes when they return to school.

What are the side effects of treatment of brain tumors?

Because therapy can damage healthy cells and tissues, unwanted side effects are common.These side effects depend on many factors, including the location of the tumor and the nature and extent of treatment. Side effects can not be the same for each person, and they can even switch from one reading to the next. Before starting treatment, the care team will explain possible side effects and suggest ways to help the patient manage them.

Surgery

Patients often have headaches or feel insecure in the first days after surgery. But medication is usually control their pain. Patients should feel free to discuss pain relief with your doctor or nurse.

It is also common for patients feel tired or weak. The time it takes to recuperate after an operation varies for each patient.

Other, less common, can cause problems. Cerebrospinal fluid or blood can accumulate in the brain. This swelling is called edema. Health care team monitors the patient for signs of these problems. The patient may receive steroids to relieve swelling. A second surgery may be needed to drain fluid. The surgeon can place a long, thin tube (shunt) in a chamber of the brain.Wooden pipe under the skin to another part of the body, usually in the abdomen. Excess fluid drained from the brain to the abdomen. Sometimes the fluid drained into the heart instead.

Infection is another problem that can develop after surgery. If this happens, give care team patient antibiotics.

Brain surgery may damage healthy tissue. Brain damage can be a serious problem. The patient may have problems thinking, seeing or speaking. The patient may also be personality changes or seizures. Most of these problems may improve or disappear with time. But sometimes brain damage is permanent. The patient may need physical therapy, speech therapy or occupational therapy.

Radiotherapy

Some patients have nausea for several hours after treatment. Health Systems team can suggest ways to help patients to cope with this task. Radiation therapy may also cause patients to become very tired as treatment continues. Rest is important, but doctors usually advise patients to try to stay as active as possible.

In addition, radiation therapy often causes hair loss. Hair usually grows back within a couple of months. Radiation therapy may also affect the skin in the treated area. Scalp and ears may become red, dry and tender. Health Systems team can suggest ways to alleviate these problems.

Sometimes radiation therapy causes brain tissue to swell. Patients may experience headache or feel pressure. Health Systems team watches for signs of this problem. They can give medication to reduce discomfort.

Radiation sometimes kills healthy brain tissue. This effect is called radiation necrosis. Necrosis can cause headaches, seizures, or death of the patient.

In children, radiation may damage the pituitary gland and other areas of the brain. This can lead to learning problems or slow growth and development. It also increases radiation during childhood, the risk of secondary tumors later in life. Scientists examine whether chemotherapeutic agents can be used in place of radiotherapy in young children with brain tumors.

Side effects may worsen if chemotherapy and radiation given simultaneously. Your doctor can suggest ways to reduce these problems.

Chemotherapy

Side effects of chemotherapy depend mainly on the use of drugs. The most common side effects include fever and chills, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite and weakness. Some side effects can be alleviated with medication.

Patients who receive an implant (plate), which contains a substance which is monitored by the care team for signs of infection after surgery. An infection can be treated with antibiotics.

Supportive care

Any stage of the disease makes people with brain tumors supportive therapy to prevent or minimize problems and improve their well-being and quality of life during treatment. Patients can receive treatment to control pain and other symptoms of a brain tumor, to relieve the side effects of treatment, and to facilitate emotional problems.

These are common forms of supportive therapy for people with brain tumors:

Steroids - Most patients with brain tumors need steroids to relieve swelling of the brain.

Anticonvulsant drugs - Brain tumors can cause seizures. Patients can take an anticonvulsant medicine to prevent or control seizures.

Shunt - If fluid builds up in the brain, the surgeon may introduce a shunt to drain fluid.Information shunts on the "Surgery" in "Side Effects" section.
Many people with brain tumors receive supportive care along with treatments to slow the progression of the disease. Some decide not to have anti-tumor therapy and received only supportive therapy to control their symptoms.

What is the treatment of brain tumor?

Many people with brain tumor will to Actively Participate in Decisions about their medical care.They want to learn everything they can about their disease and their treatment choices.However, shock and stress after a dyagnosis of brain tumor can do is hard to think about anything ask your doctor. It often half to create a list of Questions for the Appointment. To help remind what the doctor says, patients May take note or ask whether they use a tape recorder May. Some also want to have a family member or friend with them when they talk with the doctor - to take part in the conversation, the note or just listen.

May refer patient's physician Specialists, or the patient May ask for a Referral. Specialist treatment for brain tumor with Neurosurgeons, neuroonkologists, medical Oncologists, radiation Oncologists. Patient May be Referred to other health professyonals who work together as a team. May include medical team nurse, Dietitian, mental health kounselor, social workers, fisyotherapist, Occupational Therapist and speech Therapist. May children need tutors to help with school. (Section "rehabilitatyon" has more information about Travis and tutors.)

Treatment for Brain Tumour

The treatment of human brain tumors rarely. By type and stage of cancer, patients can be treated with surgery, radiation therapy or chemotherapy. Some patients receiving combination therapy.

No version "at any stage of disease, patients may receive treatment to control pain and other symptoms of cancer, reduce the side effects of treatment, and any emotional problems. Thats kind of treatment is called symptom management, supportive care, or palliative treatment.

Doctor is the best person to describe treatment options and discuss the expected results.

Patient may want to talk about the doctors involved in clinical trials, it is a study, to learn a new way of treatment. The Department of "commitment to research Zell" for more information about clinical tryals.

Surgery is the most common treatment for brain tumors. Surgery to open the skull is known as kranyotomi. This is done under general anesthesia. Before the surgery began, the scalp shaved.Then the surgeon makes an pitche open and use a special kind of discovery, removal of a skull bone. Removal of some or all of the tumor, the surgeon James's opening in the skull bone plates or a metal or cloth. Surgeon and then close the incision in the scalp.
Radiotherapy

Radiation therapy (also known as radyotherapi) using high - high-energy rays to kill tumor cells.Radiation can be from X - rays, gamma rays, or protons. A huge machine Ames Radiation Oncology and organizations close to it. When it direkted of radiation in the brain or spinal cord.

Radiation therapy usually follows surgery. Of radiation to kill cancer cells can remain in place. In the past, patients did not have radiation therapy instead of surgery.

Patients in hospital or clinic for radiation therapy. The plan of treatment depends on the type and size of tumor and age of the patient. Each treatment lasted just minutes.

Doctor to make the step to protect surrounding healthy tissue tumors of the brain:

Fraktyonatyon - radyatyon usually to determine the treatment five days a week for several weeks. To provide a total dose of radiation over an extended time by half, to protect healthy tissue tumors in the region.

Hiperfraktyonatyon - Davis radiation small idol of patients two or three times a day, rather than a larger amount of time.

Stereotaktik radiotherapy - a narrow-beam radiation direkted lungs from different angles.Technique, patients wear the top of the strict structure. A wrong card or scan images to create the exact location of the tumor. Doctors use a computer to determine the necessary dose of radiation, as well as south and the angle of radiation beam. During the treatment, we can identify a single visit, or a few visits.

3 - Three-dimensional radiation therapy konformal - a computer creates a 3 - three-dimensional images, lungs and surrounding brain tissue. A type of medical purpose of the exact shape of the beam of radiation oncology. To accurately focus radiation beams defensive in normal brain tissue.

Proton beam radiation therapy - the source of the proton radiation, instead of X - ray. Dr. Ames proton beam cancer. Protons through healthy tissue without compromising it.
Tshemotherapi

Tshemotherapi, using drugs to kill cancer cells, is sometimes used to treat brain tumors. Drugs will decide either orally or through the injection. Either way, the drugs enter the blood circulation and the passage of the body. The drug is usually to return to the moon is as follows for each hour of treatment.

Tshemotherapi may determine the out-patient of the hospital, doctor's office or home. Rareli, patients may need to stay in hospital.

Children more likely than adults to chemotherapy. However, the elderly can have post-operative chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

For some patients with brain cancer, surgeons remove some chip implanted and tumors containing chemotherapy. Each woman is about the size of a dime. In the past few weeks, the chip is dissolved, the release of drugs to the brain. The drug can kill cancer cells.

Surgeon for tumor cell research in three ways

Needle biopsy - a surgeon can make the scalp and drills a hole in the skull, a small incision.This is called drilling. Doctors of the drilling needle and remove the brain tumor tissue samples.

Stereotactic core needle biopsy - a kind of imaging devices, such as CT or MRI, to control the needle through the hole at the site of tumors. Surgeon with a needle to withdraw tissue samples.

Biopsy at the same time to read - and sometimes the surgeon takes tissue samples, patients, surgery.
Sometimes a biopsy is not possible. If the tumor in the brain stem or other areas, the surgeon can not remove the tumor without damaging normal brain organization. Doctors use MRI, CT and other imaging studies instead.

How is diagnosed with a brain tumor?

If a person shows symptoms of brain tumor, the doctor May perform one or more of the following programs:

Physical examination - the doctor who examined the general health signs.

Neurological examination - medical readiness check, muscle strength, coordination, reflexes, and pain response. Doctors also check for swelling of the nerve connecting the eye for an eye, and brain tumors through the media.

Computed tomography - X-ray equipment to connect to the computer to the first series of detailed pictures. Patients May be a special dye injected into the brain shows a clear picture.These images can be shown in brain tumors.

Nuclear magnetic resonance - a powerful magnet, so that the body is connected to a detailed view inside the computer field. These images are displayed on the screen can be printed.Sometimes a special dye is injected to help show differences in brain tissue. These images can be shown in brain tumors and other problems.
Doctors May require other tests:

Angiography - dye is injected into the blood, in order to show the X-ray of blood vessels in the brain. Yes, if there is a tumor, the doctor May to see the X-ray it.

Skull X-rays - some types of brain tumors, leading to changes in the brain and the skull bone calcium deposition. X-rays, doctors can examine these changes.

Spinal puncture - Doctor May remove fluid samples (ie, fluid filled space around the brain and spinal cord). Perform this procedure with local anesthesia. Doctors use a long thin needle to remove spinal fluid. Spinal Tap takes about 30 minutes. Patients should be flat for several hours, to avoid headaches. Laboratory signs of cancer or other problems solution.

Bone marrow - the X-ray of the spine. Spinal puncture is the implementation of specific colors in the cerebrospinal fluid. Tilt the patient in making paint mixed liquid. This test can help physicians to detect spinal cord tumors.

Biopsy - removal of the organization to find tumor cells is called a biopsy. Pathologist looks under the microscope examination of abnormal cells cells. A biopsy can show cancer, tissue changes can lead to cancer and other conditions. A biopsy is the only reliable way to diagnose the brain tumor.

What are the symptoms of brain tumor?

Symptoms of brain tumors depend on tumor size, type and location. Symptoms can cause nerve damage or certain parts of the tumor presses on the brain. May they also lead to brain swelling or fluid in the skull when.

This is the most common symptoms of brain tumors:

Headaches (usually worse in the morning)
Nausea or vomiting

Change, language, vision or hearing
Or on foot balance

Changes in mood, personality or ability to concentrate

Memory Problems

Muscle twitching or seizures (epilepsy or convulsions)

Numbness or tingling in hands and feet
These symptoms are a sure sign of brain tumor. Other conditions can also cause these problems. People experiencing these symptoms occur, it should be noted that the treatment as soon as possible. Only doctors can diagnose and treat the problem.

For whatever reason, those in the risk of brain tumors?

No one knows the exact cause of brain tumors. Doctors can seldom explain why one person who developed a brain tumor, and some are not. However, it is clear that brain tumors can not be transmitted. No one can "open" to other diseases.

Studies have shown that certain risk factors are more likely than others to brain tumor. A risk factor is anything that increases a person's opportunities for the development of a disease.

The following risks and the development of an increased risk of primary brain tumor-related factors:

Men - In general, brain tumors are more common in men than women. However, the meningioma was more common in women.

Stroke - Brain tumors are more common than in other ethnic groups were white.

Age - Most brain tumors detected in the age of 70. However, the brain tumor is the most common cancer in Japan. (Leukemia is the most common cancer in children) is the most common brain tumor of children older than 8 years old ..

Family history and family who have gliomas may be more prone to the disease - the people.

Exposure to radiation or certain chemicals work:

Radiation - in the development of the risk of brain tumors nuclear industry workers.

Formaldehyde - Mummy processing and pathologists in the development and the work of formaldehyde risk of brain cancer. Scientists have not yet found an other workers exposed to formaldehyde increased risk of brain cancer.

Vinyl chloride - in the plastic manufacturing workers may be exposed to vinyl chloride. This chemical may increase the risk of brain cancer.

Acrylonitrile - People who make textiles and plastics may be acrylonitrile. Exposure may increase the risk of brain cancer.
Scientists are investigating whether mobile phones cause brain tumors. Research shows that mobile phone users have not found an increased risk of brain tumors.

In addition, scientists continue to study whether the head injury is a risk factor for brain tumors.So far, these studies did not find an increased risk of head injuries.

What is a secondary brain tumor?

When the cancer spread from the original place to other parts of the body, these tumors are abnormal cell type and the same as the primary tumor of the same name. The spread of cancer to other parts of the body of primary brain tumors of different brain research. When cancer cells spread to other organisms (such as the brain of lung cancer or breast cancer), doctors can call in a secondary tumor or metastasis brain tumor. Brain tumors is more common than primary brain tumor research.

What primary brain tumors?

Tumors that start in brain tissue are called primary brain tumors. (Information about secondary brain tumors appears in the following). Tumors brain is the primary name type of cells or parts of the brain, where they started.

Common primary brain tumors is Gliomas. They begin in the glial cells. There are several Gliomas:

Astrocytoma - a tumor arises from star-form glial cells called astrocytes. In adults, astrocytomas often occur in the brain. In children, occurring in the brain stem, cerebellum and brain. Astrocytoma grade III is sometimes called Astrocytoma is plastic. Astrocytoma grade IV is usually called glioblastoma multiforme.

Gliomas of the brainstem - a tumor occurs in the lower part of the brain. Gliomas brain stem often found in children and youth aged adults.

Ependymoma tumors - from cells line the ventricles or the spinal canal between the Cord. They are common among children and youth.

Oligodendroglioma - This rare tumor cells that are derived from oil that covers and protects nerve. Tumors are usually occur in the brain. They grow very slowly and generally does not extend to surrounding brain tissue. They are common among aged adults.
Some types of brain tumors does not begin in glial cells. Common which are:

Medulloblastoma - This tumor usually occurs in the cerebellum. It is common malignant brain tumors in children. This is sometimes called primitive neuroectodermal tumor.

Meningiomas - This tumor occurs in the meninges. Usually continue to slow.

Schwannoma - a tumor derived from Schwann cells. This line of nerve cells control the balance and hearing. This is the nerve inside the ear. The tumor is also called akustisk neuroma. This often occurs in adults.

Craniopharyngioma - growing tumor from the pituitary gland near the brain. This type of tumor is common in children.

Germ cell tumor of the brain - a tumor derived from stem cells. Germ cell Tumors occur in many brain occur in people younger than 30 years. Common type germ cell tumors of the brain germinoma.

Pineal region tumors - a rare brain tumor that occurs in or near pineal gland. Pineal gland located between the brain and cerebellum.

Brain Tumor

What is cancer?

Cancer begins in cells that form tissue blocks. Tissue, organs of the body.

Normally cells grow and divide to form new cells that the body needs. When cells age, die and new cells take their place.

Sometimes this orderly process goes wrong. New cells form when the body does not need them, and old cells do not die when it is needed. These extra cells can form a mass of tissue called a growth or tumor.

What kind of benign and malignant brain tumor?

Brain tumors can be benign or malignant:

Benign brain tumors do not contain cancer cells:

In general, benign tumors can be removed, and rarely grow back.
The boundaries or edges benign tumor in the brain can be seen clearly. The cells of benign tumors do not invade tissues around them or spread to other parts of the body. However, benign tumors can put pressure on sensitive areas of the brain and cause serious health problems.

Unlike benign tumors, and in most other parts of the body, benign brain tumor, sometimes fatal.

Very rarely, a benign brain tumor may become malignant.

Malignant brain tumors contain cancer cells:
Malignant brain tumors are usually more severe and often fatal.

Likely to grow rapidly and crowd or invade the surrounding healthy brain tissue.

Very rarely, cancer cells can be removed malignant brain tumor and its spread to other parts of the brain, spinal cord, or even in other parts of the body. The spread of cancer is called metastasis.

Sometimes, a malignant tumor has not spread to healthy tissue. The tumor may be contained within a layer of tissue. Or the bones of the skull or another structure, there is no limit. This type of tumor is called encapsulated.

Assessment of tumor

Doctors sometimes group brain tumors by grade - low class (class I) high grade (grade IV).Score refers to the appearance of tumor cells under a microscope. The cells of high grade tumors look more abnormal and generally grow faster than the tumor cells of low class.

What is the brain?

Soft brain tissue a spongy mass. This skull and bones are protected by three thin membranes called meninges. Fluid is called cerebrospinal fluid cushions Sulu. Meninges and brain with no space between space This fluid flows through the ventricles is called.

A network of brain and nervous back and forth between the rest of the body of the message for the month. Some nerves from the brain directly to the eyes, ears and head, go to the other parts. Other nerves connect the brain to other parts of the body through the spinal cord to last.Brain and spinal cord, back in glial cells, nerve cells and hold in place.

The brain (such as walking and speaking) to do, we prefer things and things respiratory control () without thinking of our body, such as. For our brain senses (sight, hearing, touch, taste and smell), memory, emotion and personality are responsible.

Three main parts of the brain control different activities:
The brain - the brain's largest part of the brain. This is at the top of the brain. This is what our senses is going on around us and how the body uses the response will tell us information. This thinking, reading, control, speech and learning emotions.
Right and left cerebral hemispheres control the various activities of the brain, is divided. Right hemisphere controls the muscles on the left side of the body. The left hemisphere controls the muscles on the right side of the body.

Cerebellum - the brain behind the brain is the cerebellum. Walking and balance and control cerebellum acts as complex as speech.

Brain stem - brain stem connects the brain to the spinal cord. This hunger and thirst checks.This body temperature, blood pressure checks and other basic body functions in respiration.

Properties of Carbon

Carbon is the sixth element in the periodic table of elements with atomic number is 12 and is often found in our life as a black residue from the burning of paper, "leaders" in our graphite pencil or sparkle of diamond jewelry in duration.

Less visible but more important is the fact that carbon has a role in almost all biological processes require that our life is. Carbon plays a role in the development of fuels, plastics and pharmaceutical industries, we make our lives safer, more comfortable and fun to use.

What's more carbon is important that the process of fusion catlyst in the stars, only 10% larger than our Sun Our Sun, 2%, which is coming from carbon-catalyzed fusion process.
Physical

Formula / Symbol: C
Classification: Non-metallic
Melting Point: 3500.0 ° C
Boiling Point: 4827.0 ° C
Color: black, but clear and colorless diamonds is in the formDensity: 2.267 g / cm 3 (in the form of graphite)
3513 g/cm-3 (diamond)

The pure carbon has eleven different forms or allotropes appeared. All forms of carbon stable at room temperature, are relatively resistant to chemical corrosion and heat, all burns the CO and CO2 at high temperature in the presence of oxygen.

The difference between the forms can be subtle, and in our daily practice, we meet them first in one of the three main forms:

* Graphite
*Diamond
* Lamp black

DiamondDiamond is one of the hardest materials in the world and has 10 Mohs scale of mineral hardness. In its pure form is clear and colorless.

Graphite
Generally seen as "leadership" the tip of a pencil. Graphite is so soft that we used to prop city cleaning, stationery, from the mid 16th century.

Lamp Black
Lamp Black is a fine powder left the fire burning. It is very black, and serves to light in situations where the absorption of light is mostly to absorb light and frequency independent.
Buckey balls and nanotubes

In the past 25 years we have discovered that coal is a hollow structure like a geodesic dome informally as "Bucky Balls". May, in fact, the carbon atoms in the form of both houses, but the leads which, if classified as fibers, may contribute to the making of composite materials with strength / weight ratio, which is much bigger than you used to make steel, they . Potential for the use of this material may lift a "space".

Chemical properties
As a unique and interesting as the carbon in its pure form, is the real magic of carbon from its ability to act as a clipboard in mechanical-chemical we must act as "bio-chemical.

As the name suggests, organic chemistry, the chemistry of life. But it is also necessary that the chemical fuels, solvents, plastics, used for the production of pharmaceutical products and much more.

One of the qualities of coal and the unique ability to create four covalent bonds, so they connect with each other at the carbon chains of various lengths and configurations, or participate with another carbon atom determine the form of chemical compounds to create unique and specific .

Hydrogen plays a special role in the chemistry of carbon as the end "of the map" ... Where does the carbon chain of carbon atoms of hydrogen. This special relationship between the carbon and hydrogen is so important that the study of chemistry known as "oil", which is a combination of only carbon and hydrogen atoms door.
Use and application:

Carbon used in many different forms, some of which are:

* Activated carbon filter for water purification;
* Graphite mixed with clay to a "lead" in the form of pencils;
* Diamonds are used for jewelry, cutting tools and abrasives for use in the mechanical grinding and extraction;
* Carbon black, or "soot" is like a light absorbing materials are used;
* Be used carbon in the form of coal as fuel for heating and production of mechanical energy production, transport and the creation of electricity;
* Be refined hydrocarbons derived from fossil oil based primarliy in their raw form for use as fuel and lubricants, and used as the basis for the production of organic chemicals, plastics and pharmacutical industries.
* Powdered graphite is used in machines such as dry lubricant;
* Carbon dating is a technique for the estimated time that the carbon content in the archaeological monument is estimated from C02 in the atmosphere.
* Fixed Carbon or "coke" is used as a reducing agent to refine the metals from their ores.

Important compounds and derivatives:

Carbon is oxidized to CO2 emissions of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, CO, fires in abundance or limited presence of oxygen, respectively.

CO2 and CO are very reactive, especially when mixed with water. Since these two types, or petroleum or petroleum hydrocarbons, organic chains, literally thousands of carbon-containing compounds can be derived.
Preparation work:

Soot, or "soot", the burning of the glass or glass over an open flame like a candle or Bunsen be achieved.
Industrial Preparation

Soot is produced on an industrial scale by burning oil in a stream of air restricted environment. Carbon particles collected on a reversal of the cloth or paper filter.

Carbon can be recovered from coal or wood for heating these materials, in the absence of air per unit of volatile substances which raw coal, also called "Coca Cola".

Industrial diamonds by subjecting other forms of carbon at high pressure and emperature more can be produced.
Naming Conventions:

Carbon in various forms only:

* Carbon black;
*Diamond;
* Graphite;
* Coca-Cola;
* Buckey balls;
* Carbon nanotubes;
* Fullerenes;

Carbon compounds are based on the IUPAC nomenclature system, in accordance with the common name since the beginning of the derivation and use of specific organic chemicals derived names.

History
Carbon was probably the first discovery of coal in prehistoric times when, like the rest of the incomplete combustion of wood and other plant material. The use and the "prehistoric smelting of minerals and brass possible late Iron Age. Element name comes from the Latin name "carbon" for the wood carbonized derivatives.

Until the modern era of carbon to other minerals of similar appearance, as molydenite (MoS2) and confusing.
From 1779 still a graphite, a form of leadership as Carl Wilhelm Scheele showed that graphite produces the same amount of carbon dioxide per gram of amorphous carbon. Name of graphite, the material was assigned to AG Werner in 1789 from ypa4ew Greek, "because of that, the mineral that is quiet, and require the production of pencils

In 1789 Antoine Lavoisier as acidifiable oxidizable carbon and metallic elements contained in his first chemistry book Traité élémentaire de Chimie. In 1772, showed that diamonds are a form of carbon. He did it by burning and careful examination of samples of diamond and carbon to show that no two the same amount of water vapor and carbon dioxide per gram ..

In 1985 he discovered a new form of carbon Harold Kroto (Sussex University), Robert Curl, Jr. (Rice University), and Richard Smalley (Rice University). The new module is called "full buck Minister rene ', because the molecules are similar to the geodesic domes designed by Fuller Buck Minister for the 1967 World's Fair."Bucky Balls" are training the next generation, as a lubricant, drug delivery systems, industrial catalysts, and nano-scale machines.

Uses of Carbon

Carbon is the 6th most abundant in the universe, and has a wide range of needs and applications in our daily lives. This can be found in group 14 of the periodic table and atomic number of carbon is 6 The use of carbon, which is non-metallic elements, we can better understand when it turned out, the properties of elements.
The main source of carbon in the world today is obtained from coal deposits that are mined, and coal is known to be very stable. There are 3 allotropic forms of carbon occurs naturally - graphite, diamond and amorphous. Quality, which has more carbon used is that it can be combined with almost any other element, and the number and variety are many useful substances. The most common carbon compounds is water, carbon forms in combination with hydrogen. Read more about carbon.

Joint use of carbon
In its elemental carbon may have very limited use. But this feature can prove very useful substance for a number of things for a combination with another element.Some of them are joint use of carbon.

* Used as a tool for decorating jewelry items.
* Used as a base ink which is used in inkjet printers.
* Used in the tires of cars as a pigment black smoke.
* Plants coal is sometimes used as a bleaching or absorption of gas.
* Carbon (such as carbon dioxide) is also used in soft drinks and sparkling, fire, and also in the form of dry ice, if they are in solid form.
* In metals, carbon monoxide is also used as reducing agents to attract many other elements and compounds. * Carbon in the form of "Freon" is also used for equipment and cooling systems.
* Many knives heat resistant metal tools and devices are manufactured with carbon.

Using the element carbon - graphite
Graphite is allotropic form of carbon, which is used for different purposes. Among the materials found in nature, graphite is a soft substance. Two main applications of graphite.

* Used as a lubricant.
* Used as the lead in pencils.
* In the form of coke, which is used in steel production.

Using the element carbon - diamond
With many industrial uses of carbon, there are a number of commercial carbon used as well. The most obvious of these is the use if you consider the value and importance of the diamond, which is another allotrope of the element. There is great history and tradition, as diamonds, and was also a result of war between nations, and their rights. The rarity of rarities and precious stones is undeniable class, can be seen in the cost of the room relatively low crystalline rocks. Diamonds, unlike graphite, and are one of the most substances, which can be found. After that, they are also used in the manufacture of many devices that are used for cutting purposes.

Uses carbon body
In addition to these uses, the body also needs carbon phase almost all of its development and existence. Carbon acts as a macro-nutrients for the body, and it takes a lot. This is confirmed by the fact that every part of the body contains and requires large quantities of this element. This element is used as a cornerstone for many life processes become more complex and important. Carbon in our bodies, which brings together many different atoms within the body together and makes them self-consistent use of growth. Read more about the content of carbon dioxide in the blood.

Carbon dating
It is a method commonly used to determine the age of many fossils and minerals, which were for many centuries. Radioactive isotope of carbon known as carbon-14 is used to complete this work. Things lived one thing can be dated precisely to their origins by using this technique. Also, read about carbon dating accuracy.

The number of substances which are made of atoms, are about ten million. Entire field of chemistry known as organic chemistry is devoted to study of the properties and uses of carbon in many forms. Carbon benefits to the human body and many other industrial uses are unique, and these features combine to make carbon a crucial element to sustain human life.

Carbon Dating

Coal is a naturally abundant element in the atmosphere, land, sea and every living creature. C-12 is by far the most common isotope, but only one in a bilion carbon atoms C-14. C-14 formed in the upper atmosphere, where nitrogen-14 (N-14) is modified by the influence of the bombardment of cosmic radiation (neutron-proton effective alternative nitrogen atom of an isotope of carbon). The new isotope is called "carbon footprint" because it is radioactive, but is not dangerous. It is naturally unstable and disintegrate spontaneously Back to N-14 for some time. It takes about 5730 years for half of a sample of carbon decay of nitrogen. We need 5730 more than half of the rest, and then another 5730 for half of what was then left to rot and so on. The time it takes for half of a sample to decay is called "Half-Life."

The carbon is oxidized (which is combined with oxygen) to the biosphere by natural processes such as breathing and eating. Plants and animals contain naturally rich C-12 isotope, and much less carbon isotopes in their tissues at approximately the same proportion as they are present in the atmosphere during its lifetime. When an animal dies, it ceases to consume more carbon, while C-14 is already in the body continues to decline in the nitrogen. So if there are remains of a dead animal on C-12 C-14 ratio is half of what should be (for example, a C-14 atom per trillion atoms of C-12 instead of one on one billion) may think that the animal has been dead for over 5730 years (since half of the carbon is absent, it takes about 5730 years for half of the decay back into nitrogen). If the ratio is one fourth of what should be (one of four billion dollars), we assume that the animal has been dead for 11,460 years (two half-lives). After about 10 half-lives, is the amount of carbon is too small to measure, and this technique is not useful in six units, which it has killed more than 60,000 years. Another limitation is that this method can be used in organic materials such as bones, meat or wood. Can not be used to date rocks directly.
Radiocarbon Dating - The starting point

Radiocarbon Dating is a dating technique based on three things:
• The rate of C radioactive decay of unstable isotopes to stable 14 non-N-14 radioactive isotope,
• The relationship between C-12 to C-14 is in a given sample,
• The relationship between C-12 to C-14 into the atmosphere when the sample is dead.
Radiocarbon Dating - controversies
Carbon dating is controversial for two reasons. First, is based on a series of questionable assumptions. We have, for example, the percentage of reduction (which is a half-life of 5730 years) has remained constant over the past hidden. However, there are strong indications that radioactive decay could have been much faster in places hidden past.1 We also assume that the relationship between C-12 C-14 in the atmosphere has remained constant over the last hidden (from so we know what the ratio was at the time the sample is dead). And yet we know that "carbon is 28-37% faster than it is rotten," 2 which means it has not yet reached equilibrium, which means that the proportion is higher aujourd 'Today it was hidden in history. We also know that the proportion had fallen to the industrial revolution due to the drastic increase of CO2 emissions from factories. This artificial fluctuation was not a natural phenomenon but it shows that variations are possible, and a period of turbulence in natural lands will significantly affect the relationship. Volcanoes spew CO2, which could effectively reduce the quota. The factors that have lived and died during a period of intense volcanic activity appear older than they really are, if they were dated using this technique. The relationship can still be influenced by the rate of 14 C-production in the atmosphere, which in turn influenced by the amount of cosmic radiation penetrates the Earth's atmosphere. The quantity of cosmic radiation penetrates the Earth's atmosphere is influenced by things like the Earth's magnetic field deflects the cosmic rays. Precise measurements during the last 140 years have shown a decrease in the intensity of the magnetic field. This means that there has been a steady increase in radiocarbon production (which would increase the quota).

And finally the dates, the dating system is controversial because it is derived from the game are often inconsistent. For example, a portion "of Dima [a famous baby mammoth was discovered in 1977] was 40,000 RCY [Radiocarbon years] has been a second 26,000 RCY and" wood found immediately around the body was 9,000-10,000 RCY.

Carbon Trading

Carbon trading is a method designed to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, regulations and economic incentives. In fact, the term "emissions trading" is somewhat misleading, since some gases that could handle the so-called cap and trade system. For this reason, some people prefer the term "system" to the fact that much more than just carbon stress is sold.

This work is part of the system, often called "cap and trade." Under cap and trade system, government at national level compared to the total greenhouse gas emissions in a given period, such as a quarter or a year and then allocate "credits" to companies, enabling them to certain levels of greenhouse gases in order to participate. If companies are not proper for their use can sell or trade these credits to companies that are afraid of their quota.

Emissions trading provides a clear incentive for companies to improve their effectiveness in reducing greenhouse gas emissions that the decrease in physical cash. In addition, ineffective deterrent because enterprises actually penalized for the performance targets for emissions. In this way, regulation is achieved mainly through economic means rather than through draconian governmental measures to encourage people to participate in emissions trading as potential customers.

If emissions trading policy includes general effort to reduce carbon emissions in a country longer, which means that each year the number of points is limited.Encourage companies to become more efficient in time, the government is often easier to achieve targets for reducing emissions, but companies are expected to practice at night and the change in emissions trading allows for more flexibility than what was originally put blanket level.

In some countries, opened a carbon pool, work on multiple exchanges. These institutions facilitate the exchange of carbon credits, and so well by the market and offer a standard set of cost of credit on the basis of demand and general economic health. In some cases, individuals and participation in emissions trading, to purchase credits against their emissions of greenhouse gases, and some fans believe that emissions trading should be formally extended to all residents and strengthen comprehensive, individual commitments to reduce greenhouse gases.

Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes are hexagonal arrangement of carbon atoms that is rolled into tubes. This small straw-like cylinders of pure carbon useful electrical properties.You are already too small transistors and one-dimensional wire.

They were developed by using nanotechnology, a relatively new field of electronic circuits and devices from single atoms and molecules buildings. Nano means one thousand millionth of a unit. A nanometer is one thousand one millionth of a meter. The first nanofabrication experiments took place in 1990, when the individual xenon atoms on a nickel substrate is used and used games from a company logo. A central goal for nanotechnology is to computer chips and other devices that are a thousand times smaller than they are now building.

Carbon nanotubes have great theoretical potential but has not yet reached the hype surrounding development. Researchers continue to exploit opportunities to locate them, but how successful programs, the potential for very lucrative.

Scientists have recently succeeded in changing, carbon nanotubes, then deliver them to the electrons when exposed to light.

This was done by two flat rings of carbon molecules, a sandwich ferrocene (iron) molecule. Ferrocene is known for its tendency to attract electrons prior art. When exposed to visible light, accepts carbon atoms ferrocene molecule.

This is the first time that carbon nanotubes are crossed to undergo light-induced electron transfer. The researchers say that these modified carbon nanotubes, the first step in building solar cells using this technology.

The newly discovered ability of carbon nanotubes for use as an electron source has great potential. Carbon nanotubes could one day instead of the wire in the X-ray machines that have a tendency to burn quickly. Scientists hope to use it for portable x-ray equipment for use in developing countries, the security at the airport, ambulance, and worked with customs.
Carbon nanotubes are of great importance for use in flat panel displays, microwave generators, electrical surge protection equipment and high-intensity lamps.

Carbon Emissions

Emissions of carbon dioxide, also known as CO2 emissions are just molecules of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Usually, the reason why people talk about them, so that when the carbon dioxide from the air in large quantities, can contribute to global warming. This excess carbon dioxide can fall infrared radiation from the sun in Earth's atmosphere, which is then converted into heat. This energy heats the planet's oceans and may lead to climate change.
The burning of fossil fuels like coal and oil is an important source of carbon. Deforestation is also a factor, for two reasons. First, the burning of forests leads to more CO2 emissions and also reduce the number of leaves and plants means less carbon dioxide into oxygen through photosynthesis.

One popular way that people try to offset emissions of carbon dioxide created by additional switching, cooking and other uses of electricity from fossil fuels, is buying shares, also called carbon offsets. This means that for every ton of carbon per person applies, he or she is financially supporting the work that emissions of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reduces the same amount. These funds go to tree planting initiative or the company, which uses wind or hydro.
To find out how much carbon a person may need a balance, you can calculate your individual carbon footprint, which is a number based on non-fossil energy is used for your home, car and other vehicles to use the power . Depending on the selected computer's carbon footprint can also be considered the purchase of goods such as food and clothing locally produced and come from sustainable sources. It can be difficult for the carbon footprint that is 100 percent accurate calculation, many people decide to compensate, to ensure adequate compensation.

There is some dispute is the man of the carbon emissions blamed for global warming. Some of these people believe the earth is warming, only the result of natural processes. This argument aside, I can say with certainty that the CO2 gas is not only affect the Earth's temperature. Other gases, which could have negative impact on the Earth's climate is methane, nitrous oxide, ozone and water vapor. Along with carbon dioxide, a substance known as greenhouse

Carbon Footprint Test

If you look at the amount of carbon emitted from the life of an individual test of carbon dioxide is one of the best ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions of carbon dioxide. The test calculates the amount of coal carbon that particular person, family, business or organization atmosphere, directly or indirectly. Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, which some scientists responsible for raising the temperature of the Earth. As a result, many environmental problems associated with global warming, such as melting polar ice and loss of natural habitat for Arctic animals.

Test coal is important for those interested in environmental issues. This allows people to learn exactly how they contribute to climate change on Earth. When people are armed with this knowledge, they are usually more willing and able to act effectively on their individual impact on global climate reduction.

Most people, release of carbon dioxide every day, only one non-renewable resources such as coal, natural gas or oil. For example, heating or cooling the home or office, turning switches, devices such as refrigerator or microwave oven, auto, or watch a television show at night, all non-renewable resources and implement the right to emit carbon dioxide. If you go to the gym and hop on the treadmill, a surprising number of units of carbon will be collected.
Some elements of the testing program for coal and emissions of carbon dioxide that a person indirectly. For example, carbon dioxide created when produced most manufactured products. Moreover, when a product comes from abroad, has released more carbon dioxide in the transport process.

A good test of climate change will also take into account the type of paper a person uses. For example, if the product is made of paper and forest development, which means that trees will be harvested and replanted. Consumer paper is responsible for deforestation. Deforestation increases the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, because trees convert carbon dioxide to oxygen.

One of the easiest ways to test emissions of carbon dioxide is to find the online calculator. The calculator allows the person to settle his personal score of carbon dioxide. Testing of coal requires a person in a position that the annual miles in the air and land transport estimate and access to their accounts for gas and electricity are. Other issues relating to the purchase of coal test and what kinds of food, detergents, cosmetics, and he buys regularly. When a person feels the coal, it is easier to solve the problem and reduce the impact on the climate created by the Earth.