Genetic Engineering and the resurgence of infectious diseases

They argue that the horizontal transfer of genes has always worked in nature and is not genetic engineering is not possible to say that this new threat. However, horizontal gene transfer have been relatively rare in our evolutionary past, for both types of natural barriers to prevent the exchange of genes, particularly among closely related species, and because there are mechanisms to suspend or foreign DNA.

Genetic engineering has greatly accelerates the speed of horizontal gene transfer, as well as the expansion of their business. This creates a large number of arbitrary combinations of genes from different species and their pathogens, and the use of increasingly sophisticated means to overcome the obstacles of view. It's crazy to accept the release of large amounts of any combination of viral and bacterial genes (used in genetic engineering) into the environment without waiting for the worst. It summarizes data on the possible connection between genetic engineering and biotechnology, the recent resurgence of infectious diseases

Induction

1. Horizontal gene transfer (and subsequent recombination) noted that the responsibility for the dissemination of virulence and resistance to antibiotics.

2. Direct experimental proof of horizontal gene transfer, some of the species phylogenetic distance, obtained in all natural environments, as well as in the digestive tract. These were made with artificial vectors.

3. Genetic engineering, biotechnology-gies widely used antibiotic resistance genes as markers for selection, thus increasing the spread of antibiotic resistance genes.

4. The presence of antibiotics increases the frequency of horizontal gene transfer 10-10000 times, thus contributing to horizontal transfer and recombination of virulence genes and antibiotic resistance.

5. 'Crippled' strains of bacteria able to survive in an environment for the exchange of genes of bacteria in the environment.

6. DNA released from dead cells (as well as living cells), which are not so easy to Split common areas or in the digestive tract, where they can maintain the ability to transform other bacteria.

7. Some of the viral DNA is more infectious than the virus itself.

8. Regularly inactivation of chemistry, genetic engineering of microorganisms before disposal in general, the environment may be ineffective, while the majority of viruses and bacteria in an infection status.

9. Your current legal limit 'tolerate' the pearl of the limited use is much higher than the minimum dose of infectious pathogens and potentially pathogenic microorganisms.

10. Pathogens Nejsou pathogens, are transformed into blocks horizontal gene transfer unit of virulence genes.

11. Horizontal transfer of genes bi-management. Released without agents can easily be transferred to pathogens in a single step for the acquisition of units of blocks of virulence genes.

Bottom

1. Genetic engineering is based on the need to facilitate the horizontal transfer of genes between distant species, the construction of vectors, which destroys the types of obstacles.

2. Building artificial vectors for genetic engineering chimeric combination of viral pathogens and other invasive genetic elements that can create a new type of cross-viral pathogens.

3. Building artificial vectors for genetic engineering, by its very nature unstable and subject to recombination, which increases the horizontal gene transfer and recombination.

4. Shuttle vectors with genetically engineered largely stopped, as they contain signals for transmission and replication in various types and auxiliary functions for the mobilization and transfer can be delivered as viruses, plasmids, transposons, which are natural bacteria in all environments.

Indirect

1. Accelerated the emergence of infectious diseases and drugs and antibiotics is consistent with the commercial development of biotechnology and genetic engineering-gie.

2. Many events of horizontal transfer of genes responsible for virulence and spread of antibiotic resistance in recent years, high-grade (> 99%) homology in the sequence of genes in independent species.

The weight of evidence sufficiently convincing, especially in relation to the precautionary principle, so that, at least, fully independent public inquiry for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology in etiology of infectious diseases.

Furthermore, we urgently need research to understand the general mechanisms for horizontal gene transfer, which will strengthen the barriers against the transfer of recombinant DNA, which can serve as a basis for scientific risk assessment. Such studies are necessary to carry out independent research group devoted to the role, rather than remain in the hands of those who are involved in the commercialization of biotechnology, genetic engineering.

Risks of genetic engineering

In March, brought an action against the U. S. Food and Drug Administration, nine eminent scientists, including some of the FDA, the agency played a leading role for the courts to obtain mandatory safety testing and labeling of genetically modified foods.

They were joined by several consumer groups, religious organizations and scientists involved. Defense claims that all GM foods on the market in the U.S. illegally and should be transferred to the stringent safety tests. They claim the FDA's own data show that said genetically modified for security in the broad disagreement from its own experts.

Agency scientists have repeatedly warned that GE products are different risks than their counterparts in conventional production. Council has consistently ignored bureaucrats who created the current agency policy. The court says the agency violated Food, Drug and Cosmetic Safety Act, which allows genetically modified foods for sale without testing provided they are generally considered safe by qualified scientists FDA.

Brazil federal court ruled in favor of maintaining the prohibition of production and import of GMOs in the country. The court agreed with environmental groups and consumer protection said that they have enough information about genetically modified crops to ensure safety.

Coalition activist groups launched a new campaign to pressure food companies, it is important to eliminate the use of GMOs in their products. Campbell Soup is the first major company goal. But as "Greenpeace" action which goes against Kellogg, are also included in this initial effort.

Methods of genetic engineering

Genetic Engineering

Recently, we began to learn to put their hands in our own evolution through genetic engineering, including a change or manipulate the genome to create new organic and useful result. The methods often used by engineers and many different genetic, but generally fall into one of three categories: the method of plasmid, the vector method and the method of biolistic.

Plasmid Approach

The first genetic engineering technique, the method of plasmid, a technique known by most, and are usually used to change the microorganisms such as bacteria. In the plasmid, with a small ring of DNA called a plasmid (usually found in bacteria) in a special container with restriction enzymes cut the DNA sequence in a special identification. The same enzyme is used to deal with the DNA sequence of the bacterium, it completes the process of creating "sticky" to blow if given the opportunity.

Layers then separate the two broken-up Extra DNA introduced, which allows them to fuse sticky end, a circle of DNA containing the additional material. New enzymes added to help with the new links, and culture are separate, then, móilíneacha weight. These DNA molecules of weight were the most successful ones, and they continue.

Included in the next step for the plasmids formed a new culture of living bacteria with known genomes, some with free-floating plasmids and begin to express. In general, the plasmid DNA is introduced to take into account not only the instructions for making proteins, but also the genes resistant to antibiotics. The genes may be used against specific bacteria for the plasmid received from persons other than a. But the scientist with the appropriate antibiotic, and almost certainly survivors (to prevent spontaneous mutations) that the new gene.

Then the scientists will allow bacteria to grow and change successful reproduction. It can be used in their experiments, or work in the industry. It can also allow bacteria to develop on their own, with the selection pressure "provided by the scientist to produce more protein. As the power of natural selection, the bacteria produced a number of generations are better is the best part the first generations.

Many people object strongly to the plasmid in genetic engineering because they are afraid that bacteria engineered plasmids are transferred to other problems that could lead to express the gene. Lateral gene transfer is of this kind, in fact, common in many bacteria, the bacteria, but not in engineering of this approach comes into contact with bacteria only natural under controlled laboratory conditions. The number of bacteria used in nature - for example, those who could clean up oil spills - would be released to the general and specific in a particular area and are supervised by scientists.

Vector Approach

The approach is called the second method of genetic engineering vector. Plasmid is similar to this approach, but their products are incorporated directly into the genome of a virus vector. DNA are the initial steps almost exactly the same, and as the viral DNA inserted with the same enzymes and the DNA sequence of two, and separate those that fuse successfully. The only difference is the piece of DNA viruses, such as those that cause its virulence, it must be removed or a microorganism first to re-organize their patients to go. This product is the advantage - moving a large part of the virus genome can be added "when" a new gene inserted.

When the creation of new viral genomes, they will synthesize proteins and then reproduce. It will be released from the viruses that affect the target organism or a subset of specific cells (for example, they can be released into the bacterium by a bacteriophage, or on human lung cells as the hope that this can be done to patients with cystic fibrosis). Virus infects the target cell, define the genome - the engineering part of the new - in the genome of the target cell starts to express that the new system.

With Veicteoiríagus well, scoring genes as genes conferring resistance to antibiotics used frequently, giving scientists the ability to test for the successful use of gene expression and new. Again you can then engineered organisms used in experiments or in industry. The technique is also being studied as possible ways to improve the genetic disease (see Genetic Engineering Debate).

Many people object to this type of genetic engineering, and noted the unpredictability of the new version of the DNA. This can affect the function of genes present. In addition, many people are uncomfortable with the idea of someone deliberately infected with the virus, even with disabilities.

Biolistic approach

The biolistic method, also known as gene-gun, the most common technique used in engineering drawings - for example, when trying to insecticide resistance of crops. In the technical spheres of metal (usually tungsten) coated with DNA into plant cells is desirable. Some cells to DNA (again, this will be confirmed by the marker gene) and then to grow new plants, and can also be cloned to produce genetically more uniform. While the technique is less subtle than others, has proved effective in many engineering drawings.

Objections to the approach raises many of the same reasons: the DNA can be inserted into the gene works, and can enter the transfer of new genes to wild plants. Moreover, this technique because of its connection with the common resistance to genetically modified foods, and many people do not like it.

Facts about the human chromosome

Human chromosome DNA that contains the part of all important information about the human essence. A chromosome is, by definition, threadlike element of DNA in the cell nucleus carrying genes, heredity in linear units. Human beings have 22 pairs of chromosomes and a pair of sex chromosomes. In addition to genes, chromosomes also contain regulatory elements and sequences nucleotides. The house of DNA-binding proteins that control the functions of DNA. It is interesting to note that the word chromosome comes from the Greek word for Chrome color. Chromosomes are so named because their properties with multi-colored paint. Structure and nature of the chromosomes varies in different types. Human chromosome is always a topic of interest to researchers working in genetics. A wide range of factors that determine the human chromosomal abnormalities are responsible for and complexity, always ask a lot of interest. Let us see some interesting information on the human chromosome.

Facts about the human chromosome

23 pairs of chromosomes of human cell nuclear. Chromosome contains a DNA molecule containing genes. A molecule consisting of three chromosomal DNA sequences needed for reproduction. About color chromosome, band structure of mitotic chromosomes is obvious. Each tape contains several pairs of nucleotides in DNA.

Human beings are sexual reproduction and somatic cells are diploid with two sets of chromosomes. One which is inherited from the mother and one from the father. Since the body cells, gametes one set of chromosomes. Crossing between chromosomes leads to the creation of a new chromosome. The newly created chromosome is inherited from a parent. This suggests that not all of our shows features derived directly from one of our parents!

There are 24 different human chromosomes, with 22 chromosomes are autosomal and the other two are sex determining chromosomes. The human autosomal chromosomes are numbered 1-22 in descending order of size. "Every person has two sets of 22 chromosomes, X chromosomes from their mother and one X and one Y chromosome from the father.

Inconsistency may contain chromosomes in cells, can cause certain genetic diseases in humans. Chromosomal abnormalities in humans are often responsible for the appearance of genetic disease to their children. Those with chromosomal abnormalities are often entities disorder only, while their children are very suffering.

The chromosomal abnormalities caused by several factors, namely, to eliminate duplication or part of chromosomes, the inversion, which is to reverse the direction of movement of chromosomes or portions of chromosomes pay cut to another chromosome.

Extra copy of chromosome 21 is responsible for the known genetic disorder called Down syndrome. The trisomy of chromosome 18 results in Edwards syndrome, which can cause death in childhood.

The lack of the fifth chromosome lead to a genetic disorder known as "CRI du chat," which means "cry of the cat. The people who are affected by the disorder are shown as cat-cry in the early days and often think retarded.

Malfunctions due to sex chromosome including Turner syndrome, where the female sexual characteristics are present, but developed, Triple-X syndrome is a syndrome xxy boys and girls, both because of dyslexia to the people affected.

Chromosomes were discovered first in plants. Van Beneden monograph on the fertilized eggs of the nematode, leading to further investigations. Later this year, said in August Weismann, the germ cells is different from the body, and discovered that the cell nucleus houses the genetic material. It also suggests that the results of fertilization in a new combination of chromosomes.

These findings are the cornerstone in genetics. Scientists have achieved a sufficient amount of information on human chromosomes and genes, but much to be discovered.

Transgenic plants

Transgenic plants plants created by introducing genes from other species through genetic engineering. These systems are usually developed to produce certain desirable characteristics such as resistance to disease, parasites and resistance to herbicides and resistance to certain environmental conditions. To know the transgenic plants and the risks and benefits, read on.

A transgenic organism is the term used to describe a type of genetically modified organism whose genetic material is manipulated to produce changes in the body with the leg you want. To achieve this objective, the genetic material or DNA of an organism is injected in the nucleus of cells play another agency in the same or different, in order to produce or transport suddenly desirable. This technique of creating transgenic organisms is called recombinant DNA. In other words, transgenic organisms are organisms with a single gene or genes transferred from another organism of the same or different species in the laboratory using the technology of recombinant DNA. This technique can be done in both plants and animals to create transgenic plants and animals.

Transgenic plants Appointment

Transgenic plants are plants that are created by introducing genetic material from a different species, using genetic engineering to produce plants with specific characteristics. The genes of different species can be introduced into a plant in several ways. In general, it is easier to produce transgenic plants compared with transgenic animals. In plants, there is no difference between somatic and germ cells and therefore the genes can be introduced into somatic cells and tissues to produce transgenic plants.

In the past, new plant varieties containing genes from two species generated through hybridization or cross. However, the breeding took place between two closely related species. However, modern biotechnology and genetic engineering, integration of genetic material not only connected but also of exotic species to create transgenic plants and genetically modified. Bt corn, Bt cotton and golden rice are just some of the most common examples of transgenic plants created in this way.

Pros and cons of transgenic plants

Production of transgenic plants and the introduction of foreign genetic material is extremely doubtful. A range of benefits and risks of production of these plants have been identified by scientific studies. One of the main advantages of transgenic plants and crops by the introduction of some parts as you want, resistance to diseases, pests and herbicides. This in turn can increase crop yields to meet rising demand for food. Another advantage is that with the help of genetic engineering, it is possible to produce plants that can tolerate adverse environmental conditions such as drought and cold. Even the floor laden with large quantities of salt can be made with the production of genetically modified crops that can grow in saline soils.

All these advantages will ultimately benefit the agricultural sector. With the growing concern about the environmental impacts of using large-scale insecticides and pesticides is very important to reduce the use of these substances. Transgenic plants resistant to pesticides may play an important role in reducing the use of these chemicals. Plant varieties resistant to herbicides can reduce the negative effects of herbicides and the development of transgenic plants resistant to insects can help reduce the total amount of pesticides used. This, in turn, can improve environmental quality. Besides this, some transgenic plants can produce higher levels of nutrients that can improve the nutritional quality of food.

Despite these advantages, the development of genetically modified or altered are widely criticized, particularly by the fact that these plants have a negative impact on the environment, ecosystem and biodiversity. Many also expressed concern that the genetic material of transgenic plants can be transferred to non-GM plant varieties. Although herbicide-resistant transgenic plants, the same quality, if transferred to weeds can make it very difficult to control weeds. Apart from these, it was found that some genetically modified foods, developed by the animals to cause allergic reactions in some individuals. However, no incidence of these severe allergies have been reported in case of manufacture of food for human consumption.

Another issue raised by critics of GM crops is that these plants can release genes of antibiotic resistance in soil, which can cause soil micro-organisms resistant to antibiotics. Apart from these, laboratory studies have suggested that the introduction of genetically modified crops may affect other organisms. How, for example, Bt corn pollen can affect the larvae of monarch butterflies and moths, if they feed on the leaves of the plant milkweed, covered with pollen from maize Bt, but the supporters of GM and GM crops have refuted the claim this and claims that Bt corn pollen on milkweed leaves can reach a high level of concentration to produce such effects. Learn more about

* The investigation of DNA

* Genetically Modified Foods: Benefits and Risks

Briefly, transgenic plants, risks to human health and ecosystems is a controversial issue. Therefore, further detailed studies and investigations to resolve disputes related to transgenic plants, so that consumers can discover the truth about these plants and genetically modified foods. Apart from these, there are many ethical issues are also associated with transgenesis, which must also be adequately addressed.

Genetic engineering in food

Genetic engineering in food can be used for the production of forms of life. But it must be managed responsibly. Read to explore the world of genetic engineering of food. Genetic engineering involves the direct manipulation of genes in an organism. Techniques such as molecular cloning and transformation are used in genetic engineering. Using these techniques, the genetic structures and properties can be modified directly.

Molecular cloning, the DNA sequence, isolation and to obtain more copies. This technique is often used in the amplification of DNA sequences. In the case of conversion technology, there is a change in the genetic structure of a cell by the introduction of foreign DNA in its creation.

A segment of DNA is a sequence of proteins. The change in this way can be given different versions of this protein. Until now, GM crops and the production of medicines must be improved. Genetic engineering is also used in the alteration of genes in organisms to a certain extent in order to develop improved versions of the case.

Genetic engineering in food

Biotechnology is the term used for genetic engineering in food production. As the name suggests, this is a technology based on biology. Deals with agriculture, medicine and nutritional sciences. Before 1971 this concept in the context of agriculture and the food was used.

Using genetic genes can be transferred to a variety of cultures, developed to achieve a higher return. The transfer of genes that gives the best performance characteristics, is essential. But it is also one of the commercial applications of genetic engineering in food.

Biotechnology can be used to improve the nutritional value of foods. It is indeed a great potential application. With better nutrition can improve the taste of genetically modified food from it. This makes the use of biotechnology will be necessary in order to slow the decay process. This can lead to fruit and vegetables with a longer duration. Perishable foods can be reduced to a large extent, so that the impetus to agriculture and food industry.

Recently, researchers have a gene called Appendix A-DBF2 identified in tomato and tobacco is inserted into cells, increasing their resistance to the hard soil and climatic conditions. Often it is seen that some land and some types of climate characterized the existence of some areas, the reasons for the slower growth of crops. This limitation can be overcome by genes, which gives the ability to resist the culture. It 'also good if the reliability of genetic engineering of crop fertilizer can be reduced. Genetic engineering of plants resistant to herbicides and resistant to pests and insects.

Genetic engineering can be used to produce new substances such as proteins or other nutrients in food. Food can be genetically modified to increase its medical value. The researchers see as edible vaccines using genetic engineering in food. This creates Homegrown vaccines and drugs readily available. The cost of transportation and other costs incurred to reduce significantly, resulting in cost-effective medicines. For example, the corn for the production of pharmaceuticals.

The critique of genetic engineering in food production

The dark side of genetic engineering in food shows that the process concerns the wider use of herbicides and contamination of genes in crops. Horizontal gene transfer and recombination may lead to new pathogens. It can lead virulence among pathogens. If certain genes for resistance spread harmful bacteria with each other, we are losing our defense against the disease. From GM Food Engineering, we are somehow ignoring the possibility that transgenic animals might be harmful.

GM crops that can replace natural herbs, so that the original nature! Genetic engineering in food may be harmful to weeds and other natural organisms. GM self-replicating forms of life makes us unable to control their production and growth.

If not carefully implemented, genetic engineering in food production can have negative side effects. It can lead to mutations in the gene of the page. You can create allergies in crops. Furthermore, if genetically modified seeds, are all identical in their genetic structure. This could become a widespread pest attack due to poor harvests. Some argue that the issue of refining and the taste of foods, their nutritional value may be impaired.

This makes us aware that the picture looks rosy gene technology in food production can be complicated as well. Genetic engineering should be used responsibly. High standards are necessary to ensure the safety of genetically modified foods. The bottom line is that before doing something, we need a clear understanding of the topic. Vulnerabilities received the implementation of the object, leaving us the risk of injury potentially life on Earth. DNA, but is a creation of nature. The awareness that this is something we can do with it is not so simple. Beauty of nature is the complexity of his creations!

Genetic Engineering Ethics

Technology is a double-edged sword, and must therefore be treated with responsibility. Genetic engineering is nothing but the technology of genetic material, which is designed to replicate the genetic material of living organisms, plants, animals or humans. Genetic engineering involves the creation of recombinant DNA molecules, DNA, and splicing quickly fragments similar or different organisms.

Genetic engineering has been introduced in several areas. Transgenic plants, resistant plants have been established, which helped to increase the quantity and quality of food crops, which can only mean an increase in the supply of food for the needy. Scientists have also discovered a way to modify somatic cells and thus alter the genetic people on the treatment of certain diseases or illnesses. Thus, advances in genetic engineering is considered a positive phenomenon. However, there are some problems in this area, we wonder whether the practice of genetic engineering can be considered valid and inoffensive in the range of ethics.

Genetic engineering will create transgenic plants, which are nothing but a crossroads of different plant species. Often, this type of medicine or engineering techniques are conducted to improve the quantity and quality, if the income. However, the creation of genetically modified through the creation of various types in general. In addition, several questions were raised about the harmful effects of genetically modified plants.

First, it was noted that genetically modified plants that have been made from sustainable pest, it has also damaged several other insects. Thus, the creation of insect resistant varieties, make sure it does not drive any insect, insects or other on the edge of extinction. Creating a larger, there is the possibility that insects can develop resistance to this element of pesticides in vegetables and.

The larger ethical issue of genetic engineering concerned with the creation of beings who live outside the genetic material. Human cloning, or the passage of animals and human genes for the creation of living beings will lead to different types of creatures. There may be several things that can happen unethical, such as the creation of living organisms and use them as servants or slaves. Thus, precautions must be taken, who can use these technological advances, and what threats are unethical, that should be avoided.

Moreover, the ethical issue is that most people have already cited in this reference that the application of genetic engineering to create life forms similar to "play God" and take control of creating and destroying life on Earth. While on the one hand, the possibility of genetic engineering to treat diseases and health conditions is a huge advantage, and the possibilities of abuse are numerous.

Every new technology has its advantages and disadvantages. However, you can not ban the technology useful for potential abuse. Say no to genetic engineering would be like refusing to enter the Internet because you're afraid of your e-mail may be cut. The simplest solution is to use technology with great caution. Technology is not inherently good or bad, it is the will of the people who use it.

Human genetic engineering

Can you imagine a treatment of incurable disease

apparently found in the human genetic manipulation? Without reading? On some interesting information about human genetic modification.

Human genetic engineering is genetic engineering in humans different genotypes for delivery. The genotype is the genetic makeup of a person associated with a specific character in question. This is done to control the properties of the individual post / birth.

The cells in our body contains information encoded on the development of body structure and function in the form of genes. Human genetic engineering is to decode this information and its application to the welfare of humanity.

There are two types of genetic engineering. They are:

* Somatic Mutation: Genes are added to the cells. This can be cured of diseases caused by defective genes. Physical changes can be inherited.

* Modification of the germ line: In this form of human genetic engineering, genes changed in the embryo. The genetically modified genes in this way. This is an effective way of genetic engineering, the results in permanent changes.

Human genetic engineering can be considered as positive and negative genetic engineering genetic engineering. The positive nature of genetic engineering, reinforcing the positive attributes of individuals. This may mean that the ability to increase longevity and increased consumption. The negative genetic modification is the introduction of a good copy of a particular gene into cells of a living being. Therefore, the characteristic pain of genetic diseases can be reduced considerably.

Human genetic engineering, genes or DNA is a changed person. This can be used to achieve structural changes in humans. More importantly, can be used for the genes of some positive qualities and desirable in fetuses. Human genetic engineering may result in finding a permanent cure for many diseases.

There are people with exceptional properties. If the genes responsible for these properties can be found, could be implanted in embryos. This can lead to something like "personalized baby! Human genetic engineering can go to the point where you can discover new genes and integrate their babies during pregnancy.

Human Genetic Engineering - The Lighter Side

Gene therapy is one of the main advantages of human genetic engineering. Over the past ten years, managed to find treatments for gene therapy for some diseases of the heart. The researchers hope to find a cure for all genetic diseases. This will lead to a race healthier and more evolved human.

A future benefit of human genetic engineering is that a fetus with a genetic disorder be treated before the baby is born. Parents can expect a healthy baby. In the case of in vitro fertilization, gene therapy can be used for the embryos before implantation in the mother.

The genes can be cloned to produce pharmaceutical products of superior quality. Researchers are optimistic about the possibility of bio-engineered plants and fruits contain some medicines.

Human Genetic Engineering - The Dark Side

First, although it seems easy to cure diseases by genetic modification, gene therapy can reveal the side effects. Although treatment of the defect can lead to another. A particular cell is responsible for various activities and the manipulation of genes is not so easy.

The cloning process can lead to fundamental risk factors such as uniqueness and diversity of people. Ironically, the man is simply an artificial thing!

There are some social aspects of human genetic engineering. This new form of medical treatment can impose a significant financial burden to society. Along with the feasibility, accessibility will determine its popularity.

Human genetic engineering is a growing area in general. It can do wonders. However, the benefits and threats must be carefully evaluated. The potential benefits of the field can come into reality only if the genetic manipulation of humans treated with responsibility.

Benefits of genetic engineering

Genetic manipulation in its current form for about 25 years. He was also a very controversial issue since its inception in 1970. There are many social consequences of genetic manipulation, so the overall benefit or risk assessment very difficult.

Almost every day, a scientist makes a new breakthrough in the field of human engineering. Mammals have been cloned and the human genome project is completed. This makes the researchers around the world for research in many different aspects of the human gene. These studies provide a better understanding of DNA and its role in medicine, pharmacology, reproductive technology, and various other areas.

In humans, the most promising benefits of genetic engineering, gene therapy, treatment of diseases in which defective genes are replaced or repaired, and the therapeutic genes to fight disease. In the past ten years many auto-immune diseases and cardiovascular disease were treated with gene therapy. Some diseases such as Huntington's disease, ALS and cystic fibrosis are caused by faulty genes. There is hope that a cure for these diseases can be found by inserting the corrected a defective gene or genes change. Eventually, the hope is to completely eliminate genetic diseases, and also deal with non-hereditary diseases associated with the gene.

Through genetic engineering, pharmaceutical products, are available today are much better than their predecessors. These new products are created by the cloning of specific genes. Some important examples are bio-engineered insulin, previously made from sheep or cows, and human growth hormone, which were previously obtained from cadavers.

Genetic engineering is also a blessing for pregnant women who may decide their embryos to test for genetic defects. These projections can help parents and doctors prepare for the arrival of a child may have special needs, during or after birth. Possible future benefits of genetic engineering, which the embryo is eagerly awaited by the genetic defect can be treated with gene therapy, even before her birth. Research on gene therapy for the embryo before it is implanted in the mother via in vitro fertilization.

In agriculture, the most benefit from genetic engineering genetic improvement of the appropriateness of different species. Common benefits are higher efficiency of photosynthesis, the resistance in a plant salinity, drought and viruses and reduce the plant requires nitrogen fertilizers increases.

Here is a list of some of the biggest advantages over genetic engineering:

* Genetic engineering, when applied to micro-organisms help to create new drugs that can not be otherwise done.

* Genetic engineering helps in the process of bioremediation, a process of purification of waste and pollution, living organisms.

* Genetic engineering has helped to reduce the overall use of herbicides and pesticides.

* Genetic engineering has helped with the production of vaccines and other substances in plants.

* Genetic engineering has contributed to the production of rapid and predictable way to create new varieties. Moreover, the properties of the black now better known than previously known.

* Today, genetic engineering for the production of sustainable agriculture.

* Genetic engineering has led to a very useful genetically modified varieties resistant to bio-industry without fail.

* The human genetic engineering is used to treat genetic diseases and cancer. It also helps to provide new body parts.

* Even if it had happened today, genetic engineering has the potential to create new types of people with many useful features.

Benefits of genetic engineering is too much to list. Yet it is important to the limits of the human race can push yourself to understand and stop and then start the role of God.

What is genetic engineering?

Genetic engineering is a laboratory technique used by scientists to change the DNA of living organisms.

DNA is the blueprint for the individuality of an organism. The organism is based on the information stored in his DNA for the management of every biochemical process. The life, growth and the unique characteristics of the organism depends on the DNA. The DNA segments that are associated with certain features or functions of an organism related genes.

Molecular biologists have many enzymes, which discovered the structure of DNA changes in living organisms. Some of these enzymes can cut and join DNA strands. The use of such enzymes, scientists learned to cut specific genes from DNA and modified DNA using these genes to build. They also learned vectors, DNA strands, such as viruses that can infect a cell and insert themselves into their DNA.

With this knowledge, scientists started with the vectors that the genes of their choice to build and operate these new vectors to insert genes into the DNA of living organisms. Genetic engineers believe they start eating, by improving this. For example, tomatoes are sensitive to frost. This shortens the growing season. Fish that survive on the other hand, in very cold water. Scientists identified a particular gene resistant to a bone cold, and uses the technology of genetic engineering to this "anti-freeze" gene insert into a tomato. This allows the growing season of the tomato to expand.

Laser Eye Treatment

Laser treatment in the eyes, or LASIK, is an operation to adapt to visual impairment. After receiving this type of surgery, many people can live their life without contacts or glasses. Laser treatment of the cornea changes shape, transparent covering of the eye, with a special laser

Before the laser treatment options, which must consult an ophthalmologist. Your doctor will decide whether the patient is on this particular type of treatment, the vision of the candidate. During the examination, the patient should see your doctor about your medical history. It is also suitable for the patient time with your doctor about all medicines say that he or she takes.

If the ophthalmologist determines that the patient is a good candidate for a laser treatment is that he or she discuss the risks and benefits of the operation. Your doctor may also consider an alternative. The doctor, what to expect patients is performed before, during and after the laser treatment.

Laser surgery usually takes about half an hour. First, the patient is placed in a test room chair. The room is a laser system consisting of the car from a microscope and a computer screen. To begin the procedure, anesthetic drops falling into the eyes of patients. Around the eye area is clean, then the reflector hood is ready to keep the patient's eyelids.

After a lid speculum is organized, a surgeon uses one of two methods to reduce the corneal flap. He or she can be a mechanical blade called a microkeratome or laser lance. Mechanical microkeratome in conjunction with a ring placed in the eye.

Ring consists of pumping the cornea. Next microkeratome is used to reduce the corneal flap. Most patients feel some discomfort during this process.

Surgeons have to create the laser-lance a flap in the cornea option. Plastic plate Flatts cornea. As microkeratome instrument, the patient feels some discomfort.

Then the laser is directed at the cornea, creating a small bubble of gas and water. Bubbles grow and be connected to the isolated cornea. The result is folded up.Finally, the plastic plate is removed from the eye.

Currently, the patient asked to look into the light, to position correctly, the eye surgery. Doctor brings laser eye, and he begins to remove tissue from the cornea, according to measurements, the computer program eye surgery. If the tissue is vaporized, the flap is replaced. Are closed after the treatment with laser eyes, the patient may find that your eyes burn or itch. The vision can be quite vague. These adverse side effects subside after a few days ago.

Laser Hair Removal

Laser hair removal is a medical procedure in which body hair is treated with a laser light to prevent the re-development. With a few repeated sessions, laser hair removal can eliminate the need to shave the beard, legs, underarms, bikini line, back or other areas.

Laser hair removal works by allowing the melanin in the hair follicles to absorb the heat from the laser. Melanin, the pigment responsible surrounds part of the hair growth to re-charge. Hair color dark hair contains more melanin and absorbs more heat. If the follicle absorbs enough heat, the mechanism of re-growth is permanently damaged. Hair follicle dies, the hair falls out and new hair is not regenerated.

Laser hair removal is not recommended for everyone, however. Epidermis also contains melanin and skin - darker skin, the more melanin it contains. If the hair is lighter than the surrounding skin, the skin will absorb more heat than they seem. Thus, a very tan, with blonde hair is the wrong candidate for laser hair removal, while a person with black hair is just perfect patient.

For people with semi-dark skin, dark hair, but there are factors working in favor of laser hair removal. While the hair is darker, absorbing more heat, and because the skin has a larger surface area, the skin cools faster than hair. Therefore, when the pulses of laser light is used and if the skin is treated with a refrigerant, hair follicles can be kept warm, while the skin can be kept relatively fresh.

In almost all cases, laser hair removal requires multiple treatments, as hair can be treated effectively when it is in a growth phase called anagen phase. Because hair grows in cycles and will not enter the anagen phase at any given time, the meetings are scattered laser for hair removal, hair growth treatment, which was "passive" in previous sessions. The number of sessions required varies between individuals.

Before laser hair removal, electrolysis is the preferred method. Both require several sessions, but that's where the similarities end. In laser hair removal, laser light on an area of skin containing hair follicles simultaneously handling more different. Electrolysis runs an electric shock each hair one by one, and is commonly reported to be uncomfortable. Laser Hair Removal, on the other hand, can cause skin to feel like a little sun, but it is completely painless.

The cost for laser hair removal vary, but experts emphasize the importance of finding a reputable clinic with medical experts. While patients usually require three to five sessions to get a good result, an upper lip, is likely to require medical treatment unless the legs, back or chest. The session averages U.S. $ 500 (R) and the additional costs are usually incurred.

Cold laser therapy

Cold laser therapy is a form of therapy, which involves the use of low-intensity laser, with the pain and inflammation Deal. This treatment is generally classified as experimental or research, because the benefits of cold laser therapy has shown since 2009. Many proponents of this technique for making many statements about the efficacy and the patient would do well to critically evaluate these claims and seek medical advice before taking any cold treatment laser.

The basis of the science of cold laser therapy is healthy. Studies have shown that the light of certain wavelengths of pain and inflammation can be reduced. Laser provides a very focused light beams are used to a certain area, which means that it is possible the lens used in the theory of calibrated low-intensity laser light at a wavelength can be used very effectively to treat inflammation the body emits. However, like all medical devices must be carefully evaluated with laser cold to the safety and efficacy.

Number of terms used to describe the cold laser therapy), including the healing power laser (LPLT), low-level laser therapy (ear acupuncture, bio, soft laser acupuncture and laser. In all cases, the technique of exposure of Leather is a laser targeted for a specific period and at specified intervals. laser light to stimulate damaged cells to promote healing and inflammation and pain. "Cold" is not the temperature of the laser, but the fact that the laser is low and not high-intensity laser, which can burn the skin.

Some acupuncturists believe that the cold laser therapy can be used, as well as acupuncture and acupressure, with laser beams focused on a few points of the body.That the practice of alternative medicine rely on his training and experience to support their views on the use of cold laser therapy. Stimulation of pressure points can be used to treat a number of conditions treatable with acupuncture.

Doctors usually recommend Cold Laser therapy as part of a comprehensive program of pain. For people dealing with chronic pain, cold laser therapy is an option that will be used, it may relieve pain, while those with persistent inflammation, may also be used. But if such treatment can not be done without medical supervision, and is generally not as a substitute for other forms of treatment, as recommended the use of physical therapy to treat chronic pain.

Laser Acupuncture

A relatively new method of stimulation, laser acupuncture often uses low-energy laser beam instead of the traditional needle acupuncture affect the current flow in the acupuncture points. In addition to traditional medicine, acupuncture, laser, are generally preferable procedure for the effective treatment of painful conditions such as carpal tunnel syndrome, tennis elbow, knee arthritis and chronic headaches in children. Most doctors laser acupuncture have a deep knowledge of traditional Chinese medicine, as well as a clear idea of how acupuncture points on multiple functions.

Expert usually has a laser beam of light from a laser tube to acupuncture points, calling it similar to acupuncture needles do. Laser beam, visible red emission of gases helium and neon, as a rule, heating of acupuncture points. During the procedure, laser acupuncture, the physician may hold the rod firmly acupuncture points in the period, which can range from ten seconds to two minutes. The length of the beam as a rule, depends on the amount of tissue laser, the power to penetrate the physician must be in one place. Sometimes the doctor may also use invisible infrared laser.

Laser acupuncture is used mainly for two reasons: analgesic effect and the stimulation of acupuncture points in the treatment program. This procedure has some clear advantages over traditional needle method. Many patients are usually afraid of needles, such as children, preferably laser acupuncture. Using a laser, is typically a non-invasive procedure, aseptic, which significantly reduces pain and recovery time associated with invasive treatment. Typically, laser acupuncture can treat the same number of complaints, such as acupuncture needles.

When laser therapy significantly reduces the trauma patient, and usually a good choice for the treatment of conditions where the risk of cross infection is high efficacy of this treatment is often limited to peripheral issues. Acupuncture points in the patient's hands, feet and ears generally respond to laser acupuncture. Deeper abdominal points usually do not benefit from treatment, because most laser beams are used can not penetrate the 0.19-inch (5 mm).

Some acupuncture clinics have invested in a user's system and intelligent laser acupuncture. This relatively new system can be largely controlled and monitored remotely via the Internet. In such systems, as a rule, the software automatically detects the meridian points and a laser beam to be more under control.