Assay Technology

DASL Assay

The cDNA-mediated annealing, Selection, extension, and Ligation (DASL) Assay allows for RNA profiling of up to 1536 targets using partially degraded RNA as found in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples. Using either the Universal-16 BeadChips or the Universal-96 Array Matrix format for sample processing, the DASL Assay offers researchers the Opportunity to analyze hundred to thousands of RNA transcripts derived from newely or previously collected, preserved, samples.

The DASL Assay leverage the proven GoldenGate Assay protocol to provide high-quality data for an RNA-based application. Because the probe groups span only about 50 bases, partially degraded RNA Can Be used in the assay. The availability of additional, unique probe sequences per gene increases the sensitivity of the assay, allowing the quantitation of low-Abundance Transcripts, even in partially degraded samples.

DASL Assay Highlights

Reproducible RNA profiling: Profile NRAs such as partially-degraded Those found in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples

Proven sensitivity: detect low-Abundance Transcripts

Ideal for clinical sample types: Requires an input of just 100-200 ng total RNA

Flexible formats: Process in groups of 16 or 96 samples

Scalable solution: platform Automatable with low per-sample pricing

Direct Hybridization Assay

Illumina Gene Expression arrays are designed to be fully compatible with the standard reagents, techniques, and tools that are used extensively throughout the community gene expression, from sample labeling methods to analysis software.

Illumina Gene Expression protocols feature a first-and second-strand reverse transcription step, followed by a single in vitro transcription (IVT) Amplification that incorporates biotin-labeled nucleotides. Subsequent steps include array hybridization, washing, blocking, and streptavadin-Cy3 staining.

Direct Hybridization gene expression assays are run on the SCAN system or BeadArray Reader.

Fluorescence emission by Cy3 is quantitatively detected for downstream analysis.GenomeStudio software provides results in standard file formats that CAN be readily processed with commercial grape expression-analysis software programs.

Probe design

Candidate bioinformatics probe sequences undergo extensive screening prior to selection. We concatenate 50-mer gene-specific probe sequences with "address" sequences which are immobilized on a Bead along with hundred of thousands of probes of the same sequence.

Direct Hybridization Assay highlights

• High Reproducibility: r2 value > 0.99

• High Yield: Multiple hybridizations from a single reaction (> 10 µg from just 50 ng of total RNA)

• Low Sample Input Requirements: Just 50–100 ng of total RNA required

• Low Per-Sample Cost: Less than half the price of other commercial arrays

Whole-Genome DASL assay

Our Whole-Genome DASL Assay is an array-based method for expression profiling of partially degraded RNA samples such as those found in FFPE samples.

The Whole-Genome DASL Assay combines the unique PCR and labeling steps of our original DASL Assay with the gene-based hybridization and whole-genome probe set of our HumanRef-8 BeadChip. This BeadChip features up-to-date content covering more than 24,000 annotated genes derived from RefSeq (Build 36.2, Release 22). The Whole-Genome DASL Assay greatly increases the target set of the original DASL Assaywhile retaining the ability to accurately profile partially degraded RNA samples.

Whole-Genome DASL Assay Highlights

• High Sensitivity: start with FFPE samples, brain tissue, blood samples without globin reduction, or as few as 100 cells

• Low-Sample Input: use 10-100 ng total RNA from fresh-frozen, 50-200 ng from FFPE samples

• High Multiplex Capabilities: analyze more than 24,000 annotated probes as once

• High-Quality Results: obtain qPCR-equivalent results with high reproducibility (r2>0.86), as well as excellent correlation with matching fresh/frozen samples (r2>0.98)

Low Per-Sample Cost: pay less than one-third the cost of other methods

GoldenGate Genotyping Assay

The Illumina GoldenGate Genotyping Assay is a flexible, pre-optimized assay that uses a discriminatory DNA polymerase and ligase to interrogate 96, or from 384 to 1,536, SNP loci simultaneously. The protocol can be performed manually or can be easily automated with LIMS and the AutoLoader 2, producing a streamlined workflow that allows a single technician to generate over 300,000 genotypes in just six hands-on hours. This Assay utilizes the iScan system or BeadArray Reader.

GoldenGate Standard Panels include options for human and mouse content. GoldenGate Custom Panels can be designed for many species with user-defined content. GoldenGate Genotyping samples can be conveniently processed on either the Sentrix Universal-16 BeadChip or Universal-96 Array Matrix multi-sample array formats.

GoldenGate assay highlights

• Proven technology: Used in genotyping centers worldwide

• High-quality data: Average call rates > 99%

• Scalable solution: 96, or from 384 to 1,536 SNPs per sample, 16 or 96 samples in parallel

• Streamlined workflow: Manual or automated processing with multiple stopping points

• Flexible content: An expanding selection of standard panels or custom panels with the SNP loci of your choice

Infinium HD Assay

The Infinium HD Assay leverages proven chemistry and a robust BeadChip platform to produce unrivaled data quality, superior call rates, and the most consistent reproducibility. From customized studies on targeted regions to large-scale genome-wide association studies, the flexible Infinium HD design offers a powerful solution for virtually any genetic analysis application.

• Infinium HD BeadChips

The Illumina portfolio of Infinium HD BeadChips feature the most advanced genomic content available for genotyping, and copy number variation (CNV) and Cytogenetic analysis. Profile the human genome with 300,000 to nearly 1.2 million markers strategically-selected to provide dense coverage, few large gaps, and cutting-edge content associated with human disease.

• Infinium HD iSelect BeadChips

Infinium HD iSelect BeadChips allow you to provide your own content for virtually any marker in the genome and any species of interest. Interrogate 3,000 to 200,000 markers per sample on a 12-sample BeadChip for customized, high-throughput SNP genotyping and CNV analyses. Standard BeadChips are also available which feature focused content for agriculturally relevant species.

Convenient protocol

The Infinium HD Assay protocol allows for single tube sample preparation without PCR or ligation steps, significantly reducing labor and sample handling errors. The assay can be scaled to unlimited levels of multiplexing without compromising data quality, unlike many alternative PCR-dependent assays.

Powerful chemistry

Genomic markers are interrogated though a two-step detection process. Carefully designed 50-mer probes selectively hybridize to the loci of interest, stopping one base before the interrogated marker. Marker specificity is conferred by enzymatic single-base extension to incorporate a labeled nucleotide.

Subsequent dual-color florescent staining allows the labeled nucleotide to be detected by Illumina’siScan imagining system, which identifies both color and signal intensity. For genotyping assays, the red and green color signals specify each allele, where homozygotes are indicated by red/red or green/green signals, and heterozyotes are indicated by red/green (yellow) signals.

GoldenGate Methylation Assay

Illumina’s GoldenGate Methylation solution is the first array-based platform that combines high sample throughput, high multiplexing, and single-site CpG resolution for DNA methylation profiling. The GoldenGate Assay can be used to simultaneously analyze the methylation status of up to 1,536 independent CpG sites per assay across 96 samples on either standard or custom content oligo sets.

Several different control types are provided to ensure the highest quality data. Each bead type is represented with an average 30-fold redundancy to further enhance the assay’s accuracy and robustness. Following bisulfite conversion of the sample DNA, researchers can use this high-throughput assay with the standard GoldenGate Methylation Cancer Panel I or design their Custom Methylation Panels targeting CpG loci within a gene or region of interest.

Highlights

• High Multiplex Array Platform: Simultaneously analyze up to1,536 CpG sites

• Streamlined Workflow: 96 samples per Universal Array Matrix with the convenient three-day GoldenGate Assay workflow

• Flexible Content Selection: Standard and custom panels available

Infinium Methylation Assay

DNA methylation plays a critical role in the regulation of gene expression and is known to be an essential mechanism for guiding normal cellular development and maintaining tissue identities. Numerous studies have implicated aberrant methylation in the etiology of many human diseases including cancer. Illumina’s Infinium Methylation Assay provides quantitative methylation measurement at the single-CpG-site level, offering the highest resolution for understanding epigenetic changes.

HumanMethylation27 BeadChip

With the HumanMethylation27 BeadChipresearchers can quantitatively interrogate 27,578 CpG loci covering more than 14,000 genes at single-nucleotide resolution. This high-density panel lets researchers profile up to 12 samples in parallel.

Powerful Infinium chemistry

The Infinium Methylation Assay detects cytosine methylation at CpG islands based on highly multiplexed genotyping of bisulfite-converted genomic DNA (gDNA). Upon treatment with bisulfite, unmethylated cytosine bases are converted to uracil, while methylated cytosine bases remain unchanged.

The assay interrogates these chemically differentiated loci using two site-specific probes, one designed for the methylated locus (M bead type) and another for the unmethylated locus (U bead type). Single-base extension of the probes incorporates a labeled ddNTP, which is subsequently stained with a fluorescence reagent. The level of methylation for the interrogated locus can be determined by calculating the ratio of the fluorescent signals from the methylated vs unmethylated sites.

The Infinium Methylation Assay utilises either theiScan System or the BeadArray Reader.

The Infinium Methylation Assay uses two different bead types to detect CpG methylation. The U bead type matches the unmethylated CpG site; the M bead type matches the methylated site. In the top figure, the unmethylated CpG target site matches with the U probe, enabling single-base extension and detection. It has a single-base mismatch to the M probe, which inhibits extension. If the CpG locus of interest is methylated , the reverse occurs.

VeraCode GoldenGate Genotyping Assay

Illumina’s GoldenGate Assay became the industry standard for higher level multiplexing during the International HapMap Project, which used this assay to call more than 258,000,000 genotypes. Combining the ease of the GoldenGate Assay workflow with the solution-based kinetics ofVeraCode technology provides an accelerated and streamlined method for robust mid-level multiplexed genotyping assays.

Custom VeraCode GoldenGate Genotyping Kits enable you to simultaneously genotype 48, 96, 144, 192 or 384 loci in a single well of a standard 96-well microplate. Every custom kit comes with GoldenGate oligo pools (OPAs) designed with Illumina's proven Assay Design Tool, eliminating the need for time-consuming multiplexed PCR optimization.

The user-friendly VeraScan software interface enables customization of BeadXpress Readerscanning protocols, acquisition and viewing of intensity data, and report generation. Illumina's BeadStudio Genotyping Module provides a forum for simple to complex downstream data analysis that can be easily exported to third-party analysis programs.

VeraCode protein analysis

VeraCode technology provides a simple and flexible solution for multiplexed protein assays. WithVeraCode Carboxyl Bead Sets, any protein or peptide can be covalently attached to the highly stable microbead surface, enabling the development of standard "sandwich" immunoassays. The 48 unique Carboxyl bead types can be pooled in varying combinations to perform up to 48 immunoassays in a single reaction in a standard 96-well microplate.

Analytes can be labeled with standard fluorescent reporters such as phycoerythrin (R-PE), Cy3, Cy5, or AlexaFluor dyes. During analysis, the fluorescence and code inscription for each microbead are detected by the BeadXpress Reader.

It has been demonstrated that the BeadXpress Reader can detect protein concentrations as low as 10 pg/ml in a multiplexed VeraCode Carboxyl bead assay.

The VeraScan Software that comes with theBeadXpress Reader System provides users the flexibility they need to customize scanning protocols. Illumina’s BeadStudio software provides users a forum for simple to complex data analysis that can be easily exported to third-party data analysis programs.

VeraCode DASL Gene Expression Assay

Illumina’s well-established DASL (cDNA-Mediated Annealing, Selection, extension, and Ligation) Assay empowers accurate profiling of intact and difficult samples such as partially degraded or FFPE samples. This robust assay deployed on VeraCode technology delivers an optimal combination of assay accuracy and high sample throughput, offering an ideal solution for low- to mid-plex transcript profiling.

Customizable VeraCode DASL kits allow you to simultaneously profile 32-384 transcripts of choice, and hundreds of samples can be read per day with the BeadXpress Reader. Submit your desired gene list, and Illumina scientists will help you create successful custom content for multiplexed DASL assays.

VeraCode DASL Gene Expression Assay Highlights

• Multiplex transcript profiling: measure expression levels of 32-384 genes per sample

• Highest sample throughput: process hundreds of samples per day

• Proven accuracy: achieve unrivaled reproducibility and precision with VeraCode technology

• Versatile: assay intact, partially degraded, or FFPE samples using as little as 100 ng total RNA (200 ng for FFPE samples)

• Convenient workflow: complete DASL Assay for VeraCode in two days; reduce manual pipetting steps with pre-kitted beads

VeraCode GoldenGate Methylation Assay

DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification known to have widespread effects on gene expression. Dysregulation of methylation has been linked to the etiology of common diseases such as cancer, MS, diabetes, and schizophrenia.

Illumina’s GoldenGate Methylation Assay provides sensitive detection for profiling methylation status at single-site resolution. This robust assay deployed on VeraCode technology offers an economical and high-throughput solution for low- to mid-level multiplexing and presents an ideal platform for focused studies or biomarker validation.

A customized panel of 48-384 CpG regions can be profiled simultaneously, and hundreds of samples can be read per day with the BeadXpress Reader. Individual bead types can be combined in unlimited combinations to support flexible assay design tailored to specific applications. Submit your desired list of CpG regions, and Illumina scientists will help you create successful custom content for multiplexed GoldenGate Methylation assays.

VeraCode GoldenGate Methylation Assay Highlights

• Flexible multiplex: target 48-384 CpG regions in a single reaction

• Specificity: obtain single-site resolution

• High sample throughput: process hundreds of samples per day

• Proven accuracy: achieve unrivaled reproducibility and accuracy with the well-established GoldenGate Assay for Methylation

• Convenient workflow: complete streamlined GoldenGate Assay for VeraCode in two days; reduce manual pipetting steps with pre-kitted beads

Digital Cameras

Digital Camera Basics - A primer

Digital cameras are confusing to many new users. The main guide to digital cameras, digital technology, hope to try to give at least some basis to use in deciding which digital camera is suitable for them. When shopping for a digital camera is more useful to know the basi

c conditions, such as white balance, pixel, ppi and dpi mean and how they affect image and print quality. It is also important to know the difference between things likeoptical zoom digital zoom, as well as advantages and disadvantages between storage formats such as Compact Flash (CF), Microdrive, Sony Memory Stick, Secure Digital (SD) and multimedia technologies such as camera interface, USB 1.1, USB 2.0 and Firewire IEEE 1394.

Pixels

A pixel is a contraction if the term PIcture ELement. Digital images are made up of small squares, just like a tile mosaic on your kitchen or bathroom wall. Though a digital photograph looks smooth and continuous just like a regular photograph, it's actually composed of millions of tiny squares as shown below.

Each pixel in the image has a numerical value of between 0 and 255 and is made up of three color channels. So for example a pixel could be 37-red, 76-green and 125-blue and it would then look like this . If it was 162-red, 27-green and 12-blue, it would look like this . There are over 16 million possible combinations using this scheme and each one represents a different color. Computer savvy readers will note that each color in this scheme can be represented by an 8-bit number (byte), so the color of each pixel is defined by three color bytes. This scheme can be expanded, for example to use 16-bits (two 8-bit bytes) for each color. Images using three 8-bit values are sometimes called 24-bit color images. Images using three 12-bit values for color definition are called 36-bit color images, and those using three 16-bit values are called 48-bit color images.

Pixel Count

One of the main ways to express your digital camera manufacturers in terms of pixels. What is the number of pixels that go into making each image. Today, that number ranges from 1 million (1 Megapixel), about 14 million (14 megapixels). One million pixels is an abbreviation MP, and 1MP camera has 1 million pixels and 3MP camera has 3 million pixels. Currently most popular consumer digital cameras have between 2MP and 5MP. 3MP camera can be excellent 4 "x 6" prints and very good 5 "x7" prints. If you plan to do a lot of 8 "x10" prints, then perhaps 4mp or 5MP camera would be better choice. Sometimes the two numbers given, the total number of pixels and effective pixels. The total number of pixels, each pixel in the sensor surface. Edge pixels are usually not used in the final image. Effective pixels number of points that are actually used in the image after the edge pixels are excluded.

	3MP	4MP	5MP
Largest Image (typical)	2048 x 1536	2272 x 1712	2592 x 1944
Print size at 320dpi	6.5" x 4.8"	7.1" x 5.4"	8.1" x 6.1"
Print size at 240dpi	8.5" x 6.4"	9.5" x 7.1"	10.8" x 8.1"

Aspect Ratio

Ratio is the ratio of the length of the camera image. For example, the traditional 35 mm film frame is about 36 mm wide, 24 mm high. This is a 36:24 aspect ratio, which could equally well expressed as 3:2. Some digital cameras use digital images the same proportion. For example, most digital SLR (single lens reflex) camera's 3:2 aspect ratio. However, the video monitor commonly used 4:3 ratio. For example, 800 * 600 monitor display is 4:3 ratio. With this in mind, the majority of consumers to use digital cameras take pictures of the 4:3 ratio.

Sensors

The size of the digital sensor element (corresponding to the size of the camera negative film) is relatively small in all consumer digital cameras are usually about fingernail size - (and a small nail bar!). As I said earlier, 35-mm film frame is 24 mm high 36 mm wide, but most digital cameras use much smaller sensors. The following are some typical digital camera sensor size."Name of the sensors" is based on the old TV in 1950 described the use of control and nobody could understand why the modern digital sensor, because "size use" in fact all of the ideas, the actual area of the sensor. However, these names are widely used, so that it better understand what they are. They are often referred to as a digital camera specifications.

"Name"	Aspect Ratio	Width (mm)	Height (mm)
1/3.6"	4:3	4.0	3.0
1/3.2"	4:3	4.5	3.4
1/3"	4:3	4.8	3.6
1/2.7"	4:3	5.3	4.0
1/2"	4:3	6.4	4.8
1/1.8"	4:3	7.2	5.3
2/3"	4:3	8.8	6.6
1"	4:3	12.8	9.6
4/3"	4:3	18.0	13.5
EOS 10D	3:2	22.0	15.0

Currently, 5 million pixel digital cameras, most of the use of small 1/1.8 "sensor, approximately 7 mm x 5 Haomi. They have an area 25 times smaller than 35 mm film is approximately 9.5x, compared with a small sensor, Canon EOS 10D Digital SLR Article smaller. You want to know, therefore, this cell size, which is a very complex issue. It is clear that a certain number of pixels, a larger sensor (and thus increase the single pixel region) to improve picture quality and less noise. For example, while the Canon EOS 10D camera's sensor able to run a large part of ISO 3200 equivalent (but without image noise) can and the small number of sensors for consumer digital cameras no larger than ISO 400 and the operation, only the sound is too loud. Why, this is the case of treatment for all, to see the title of the entire network image-size issue, my article here

Another factor is the quality of the sensors is often not the case, a number of sensors. Small sensors, as well as any consumer digital camera sensors, you need a program that can read sensor data in real time as a mechanical shutter, called the "turning point" and CCD electronic exposure control. It is more expensive digital SLR cameras using large sensors, often involving different models, full-frame is called - there is no mention of its size, but their design - in this

context, it is used in a mechanical shutter. They can not read and display real-time information came out first so they can not provide real-time digital display or record video. The advantage of this system is that the entire pixel area can intercept light, while transferring a portion of each pixel CCD is used to store charge. Since smaller pixel areas of noise and the transfer of the CCD, not only small, but began to use the battery, pixel size, noise levels are much higher.Therefore, transfers between lines of small consumer digital cameras, the sensor on content than high-class digital SLR camera using a low-quality images, they can do more than save the video clips, and published its own LCD screen, live image display "tricks. Missing a mechanical shutter, but the cameras will also be cheaper and simplify design.

Small sensors mean that short focal length lens, has given more than the sensors or 35mm camera view field. Thus, for example, a typical consumer digital cameras, it may be necessary to use the 7mm lens, so they can adopt, you'll be using 35 mm camera, 35mm focal length lens. This depth of field effects, which means that the majority of consumer digital cameras have a different depth of field. Great if you want to concentrate all the energy is not so great if you want to be a blurred background. This is included in the title of my article in detail the digital depth of field here.

Balance

When the movie you can buy "daylight balanced film" Shooting outdoor or indoor tungsten photography under normal domestic lighting (no fluorescent!) Balanced movies. "If you use daylight film to the bulb image is very yellow. If you use tungsten film in daylight, the picture is very blue. In the film you have the correct" color temperature of light filters, "or the movie right choice.With respect to digital, you can choose the white balance to the light source, so the white-white, not yellow or blue. Under normal circumstances, and the camera automatically sets white balance to decide what to use. But if you know the light source, you can usually set the camera to anyone who can get better results. Most digital cameras are set forsunlight, shade, flash, fluorescent, incandescent light bulbs. Some amanual or custom settings, click on the white card, camera, deliver the kind of rules so that the number of white camera.

Sensitivity

Sensitivity regulation in the digital camera is equivalent to the Board of Film Classification Standards. Almost all digital cameras is its sensitivity equivalent to ISO 100 and ISO 200 Extra Movie Sets. Many people are ISO 400 setting, but most important, and small sensors are very noisy camera images. The sensor is larger, more expensive digital SLR cameras are sensitive to the settings. ISO 400, they have almost no noise, and some can be up to ISO 3200 and ISO 6400's! Few of the camera's ISO setting lower than ISO 100 because noise levels, so it is slower to use ISO 100 with low set-up, there is no real advantage. Many digital cameras have "auto" ISO setting while the camera selects ISO 100, ISO 200, sometimes 400 different standard for light output and the use of the lens.

The digital zoom and optical zoom

Most of the camera has both optical zoom and digital zoom. Optical zoom is the zoom feature.Changes in lens focal length, and the confirmation, because it is larger. Maintain image quality throughout the zoom range. Digital zoom just crops the image to a smaller size, and then extended cut part of the shoot. Digital zoom quality shown by the following examples of the results of large losses. It is almost a last resort if you do not have a camera, you can use a similar work in almost all image-editing program.

JPEG, TIFF and RAW

The size of the digital file corresponding to the image which the camera produces depends on the pixel count. In most consumer digicams each pixel generates 3 bytes of data (so called "8-bit data"). One for red, one for green and one for blue. This means that a 3MP camera, which has 3 million pixels, generates 9 million bytes of data, or 9MB (megabytes). A few cameras can generate extra data for extra quality, and some of these cameras generate files which correspond to 2 bytes of data for each color ("16-bit"), so a 3MP camera which is capable of generating 16-bit data will produce an 18MB image file.

Now these files are pretty big and they can be compressed quite a lot without a significant drop in quality. This is where JPEG (Joint Photo Experts Group) comes in. JPEG is an algorithm designed to work with continuous tone photographic images) which takes image data and compresses it in a lossy manner (this means you do lose some information). The more you compress, the smaller the file but the more information you lose. However, you can reduce file size by a factor of 10 or so and still get a very high quality image, just about as good as the uncompressed image for most purposes. You can reduce the file size by a factor of 40 - or even more - but the image starts to look really bad!

With 10:1 compression the 8-bit files generated by a 3MP camera would be 900Kbytes in size rather than 9Mbytes, which is a big saving with little quality loss. The smaller files take up much less storage space and are much faster to send between computers or from the digital camera or memory card to a computer.

There are also lossless ways of saving files using TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) . These keep all the original information, but at the cost of much bigger files. TIFF files can be compressed in a non-lossy way, but they don't get very much smaller. For example, compare the file sizes for the rabbit image above: TIFF files can also be used to save 16-bit data (those these files are twice the size of 8-bit data files), JPEG files can only save 8-bit data.

Uncompressed TIFF	Compressed TIFF	JPEG at 10:1 compression	JPEG at 40:1 compression
176.1 Kbytes	157.6 Kbytes	17.4 Kbytes	4.5 Kbytes

Some cameras offer a third option, that of saving the actual data generated by the sensor in a proprietary format. Canon calls their version of this "RAW", Nikon call it "NEF". These files are compressed, but in a non-lossy manner. They are significantly smaller than equivalent TIFF files, but larger than JPEGs. Typically they achieve a compression of around 6:1 using 16-bit data, so files are 1/6 the size of equivalent TIFF files. The only disadvantage of these formats is that the image must be converted to either JPEG or TIFF for most software to be able to display them. The conversion is quite a complex process and can be time consuming if you have a lot of images to convert and a PC that's not very fast. Since the RAW and NEF formats contain more information than JPEGs (and in fact often more than TIFF files) you can do some degree of exposure compensation during conversion to JPEG to rescue otherwise improperly exposed images. You can also make white balance corrections during conversion, so if you shot with the wrong white balance, you can fix your error.

Display, Printing, DPI and PPI

When you display a digital image on the screen, only the pixel of the image determines the number and proportion. Department of Public Information and the producer price index (I will explain later), it is not. If the picture is 480Kbyte file, 800 pixels wide and 600 pixels wide, it will appear full-screen image, if you use a 800x600 screen. It does not matter if your DPI is 1 or 1000, or if your price index is 1 or 1000 is 100% correct at all yesterday, showed a display monitor to enter - if some intervention programs. For example, IE6 browser the big picture and to adjust them on the screen. But the ministry and the producer price index continues to ignore.Complex layout programs and advanced image-editing programs can be used in the department and the output price index, taking into account the display images.

So, I say it again. Great way to control someone else's image is displayed on the screen when looking at the photos makes the Internet the number of pixels. If your original image is 1600x1200 pixels may be too high, can be seen in 95% of all the video monitor there. It is also slow to load, you can edit the file. If you want people to use the 800x600 screen shows a clear picture, you have to change the size, or 600x400 pixels (remember the browser window smaller than full-screen display). You resize the image software. All image editing programs can do this.Sometimes it is referred to as "sample" or "cuts." See your image processing software manual data that you want the software.

Producer price index represents the pixels per inch, almost exclusively in print does not display.If the image is 800 pixels wide and 600 pixels high and printed in output price index set at 100 pixels per inch print is 8 inches wide and 6 inches long. If you print 200 PPI print 4 "wide 3" high. Now, printing 200 ppi high-quality, but smaller. Most people would probably agree that the producer price index of about 320 more than you need. Most importantly, it is difficult to see any improvement in picture quality. 240 producer price index is often used, although it is often of high quality. Most people see the quality decline, the producer price index is below the 180th

Department of Public Information, on behalf of dots per inch "on the printer instead of digital assets. It is a measure of how the distribution of the fine droplets of ink can be printed. However, this figure is somewhat misleading, since it is not always the case that the measure, do you think could be ! printer settings, 360dpi, 720dpi, 1440 resolution of 2880dpi and is often found. the difference is small, but at that time the best. Most people do not necessarily distinguish between 360dpi and is usually good. Department does not change the resize the image. producer price indexes. print quality control department (but as I said, over 360dpi you do not see any major changes).

Memory

This is a beautiful little different (not compatible) memory cards used in digital cameras.

• Compact Flash (CF) - the original memory card. 42 millimeters x 36 Haomi x 3 Hao Mi. A more than others, but they all use the high-end digital SLR cameras. Works up to 2GB. There is also a small hard drive (micro hard drives), almost the same shape Card CF (CF card, 5 mm thick)), which is available in capacities ranging from weight of 3.5 pounds to 4GB. Microdrive using inexpensive solid-state card parameters, although this is not a big difference between the currents of about 1GB. 4GB mini hard drive, in fact, cheaper Chaoguo 2 GB, although the card see. Of course, the price changes quickly, these days! CF cards are usually cheaper in general than any other aspect of memory - though this may change. Micro hard drives and CF cards, including their own disk controller, making the camera electronics simpler.

• Secure Digital (SD) - very small - about 24 mm x 32 mm thickness of 2 mm. They are built on the write-protect switch to prevent accidental erasure and certain encryption parameters of much interest to owners of digital cameras.

• Multimedia - the same size, but on lack of features and no encryption option. Some cameras can be used in certain respects, but they are not 100% compatible with SD cards all the requirements.

• Smart Media - thin card reference, but in the absence of a memory controller. Despite its name, they are really stupid!

• Memory Stick - Sony, Sony, only

• Micro - the development and use of Fuji, Olympus and Toshiba - and even more than the Census and Statistics Department. 20 mm × 25 Haomi × 1.7 mm thick

There is no real difference in performance? No, not the case. Lower per-megabyte CF card and have a higher capacity than other models (of course, which may change the time). Most high-digital SLR cameras to use them. The smaller cards commonly used in small consumer digital cameras. There is no reason to select the cell, one species to another, if you have multiple cameras or other devices (MP3 players, for example) can also use the memory card - a more comfortable, they can share cards. It may be very difficult (and / or expensive) to find a real high-capacity cards (1GB and above) outside the parameters of the format, but it does not give most concerned about this digital camera users.

The following table shows the approximate number of shots you can expect to receive aid, low-compression JPEG, using a variety of pixel camera range of different sizes of memory cards, the lowest sensitivity, a typical camera. The exact amount depends on the use of compression chamber, and the ISO speed to use. The higher ISO settings, leading to more noise, difficult to compress, and will therefore lead to greater documentation, reducing graphics card. If you shoot RAW or equivalent format, you can divide these numbers 3. If you're shooting TIFF files you'd like to share this figure eight.

	3MP	4MP	5MP	6MP
128MB Memory	116	87	70	58
256MB Memory	232	174	140	116
512MB Memory	464	348	280	232

Digital Camera Interface

After getting the pictures stored in camera memory, you need a computer on your way! There are several ways to connect digital cameras to personal computers and external smart card reader.

• sequence - the first digital camera has a serial interface, but not using the camera, because it is very slow

• USB 1.1 - USB Product is the first of a wide range of methods of high speed transfer of data from the camera. This is the theoretical transmission speed of up to 11 Mbit / s (note that this is a trillion trillion bits)

• one USB 2.0 - the development of a USB, but also much faster - up to 480 megabits per second. USB device is compatible with USB 1.1 port on PC, but only their jobs and lower data rates.

• IEEE 1394 (FireWire) - Although it is an old USB interface, which was originally only real use of the Apple computer. Its high capacity to deliver speed (400 Mbit / sec), but now found that certain computer, you can add to your card through a plug-in. More common in digital cameras, digital camera, even better than that.

Almost all cameras can be connected to a computer, but sometimes it is easier to remove the memory card from the camera focused on an audience. Although the camera only USB 1.1. If your computer can use the faster USB 2.0 transfer speed of USB 2.0 card reader. Smart card readers are cheap, anywhere 15-40 yuan.

Buy Digital Camera

Unfortunately, there are more discount store dishonest camera than you'll find that almost any other business. The number of popular photography magazine filled with ads for low price ads.But they tell you, you never really get the price of camera. Either of these will increase $ 75 in shipping, or they are "out" model, but they are a more expensive model, of course. Sometimes they will tell you that the ads of the camera, making plastic from Taiwan, but the other $ 50, are able to model proposed by Japan Sometimes, they will ship it'd be a lot of work to send them back the wrong item. Advertisement in a magazine in a store based on the lowest again you can only see that most of the time you regret it.

However, there are reputable discount dealers and photo.net is associated with some people.The dealers provide photo.net 1 through its Web site, adopted the following link for the sale of small packages, so use them if theu what you want a good price. They are honest, their action on advertising, its low freight rates, price and great response from customer service. If they do not go to them, we recommend that they purchase.