Genetic Engineering and the resurgence of infectious diseases

They argue that the horizontal transfer of genes has always worked in nature and is not genetic engineering is not possible to say that this new threat. However, horizontal gene transfer have been relatively rare in our evolutionary past, for both types of natural barriers to prevent the exchange of genes, particularly among closely related species, and because there are mechanisms to suspend or foreign DNA.

Genetic engineering has greatly accelerates the speed of horizontal gene transfer, as well as the expansion of their business. This creates a large number of arbitrary combinations of genes from different species and their pathogens, and the use of increasingly sophisticated means to overcome the obstacles of view. It's crazy to accept the release of large amounts of any combination of viral and bacterial genes (used in genetic engineering) into the environment without waiting for the worst. It summarizes data on the possible connection between genetic engineering and biotechnology, the recent resurgence of infectious diseases

Induction

1. Horizontal gene transfer (and subsequent recombination) noted that the responsibility for the dissemination of virulence and resistance to antibiotics.

2. Direct experimental proof of horizontal gene transfer, some of the species phylogenetic distance, obtained in all natural environments, as well as in the digestive tract. These were made with artificial vectors.

3. Genetic engineering, biotechnology-gies widely used antibiotic resistance genes as markers for selection, thus increasing the spread of antibiotic resistance genes.

4. The presence of antibiotics increases the frequency of horizontal gene transfer 10-10000 times, thus contributing to horizontal transfer and recombination of virulence genes and antibiotic resistance.

5. 'Crippled' strains of bacteria able to survive in an environment for the exchange of genes of bacteria in the environment.

6. DNA released from dead cells (as well as living cells), which are not so easy to Split common areas or in the digestive tract, where they can maintain the ability to transform other bacteria.

7. Some of the viral DNA is more infectious than the virus itself.

8. Regularly inactivation of chemistry, genetic engineering of microorganisms before disposal in general, the environment may be ineffective, while the majority of viruses and bacteria in an infection status.

9. Your current legal limit 'tolerate' the pearl of the limited use is much higher than the minimum dose of infectious pathogens and potentially pathogenic microorganisms.

10. Pathogens Nejsou pathogens, are transformed into blocks horizontal gene transfer unit of virulence genes.

11. Horizontal transfer of genes bi-management. Released without agents can easily be transferred to pathogens in a single step for the acquisition of units of blocks of virulence genes.

Bottom

1. Genetic engineering is based on the need to facilitate the horizontal transfer of genes between distant species, the construction of vectors, which destroys the types of obstacles.

2. Building artificial vectors for genetic engineering chimeric combination of viral pathogens and other invasive genetic elements that can create a new type of cross-viral pathogens.

3. Building artificial vectors for genetic engineering, by its very nature unstable and subject to recombination, which increases the horizontal gene transfer and recombination.

4. Shuttle vectors with genetically engineered largely stopped, as they contain signals for transmission and replication in various types and auxiliary functions for the mobilization and transfer can be delivered as viruses, plasmids, transposons, which are natural bacteria in all environments.

Indirect

1. Accelerated the emergence of infectious diseases and drugs and antibiotics is consistent with the commercial development of biotechnology and genetic engineering-gie.

2. Many events of horizontal transfer of genes responsible for virulence and spread of antibiotic resistance in recent years, high-grade (> 99%) homology in the sequence of genes in independent species.

The weight of evidence sufficiently convincing, especially in relation to the precautionary principle, so that, at least, fully independent public inquiry for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology in etiology of infectious diseases.

Furthermore, we urgently need research to understand the general mechanisms for horizontal gene transfer, which will strengthen the barriers against the transfer of recombinant DNA, which can serve as a basis for scientific risk assessment. Such studies are necessary to carry out independent research group devoted to the role, rather than remain in the hands of those who are involved in the commercialization of biotechnology, genetic engineering.